P   92R7, M45, M74/N12, P27, S25
�       P*   -
�       Q    M242, MEH2, P36
�       R    M207/UTY2, M305/S1, S4, S8, S9

NOTES:

• In P the designation M74/N12 means that these two SNPs are identical but were discovered separately. The listing is alphabetical, not necessarily in the order of discovery.
• In R the designation M207/UTY2 means that these two SNPs are identical but were discovered separately. The listing is alphabetical, not necessarily in the order of discovery. The same is true for M305/S1.
• The derived state of S25 has been observed in Haplogroups Q and R, and the ancestral state has been observed in Haplogroups E and I. Placement in P reflects the most conservative interpretation of available data.

Y-DNA haplogroup P, an offshoot of Haplogroup K, originated in Central Asia some 35,000 years ago; sites in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and southern Siberia have been offered as the likely point of first appearance. Haplogroup P is best represented by its two immediate subclades, haplogroups Q and R, which expanded to become the dominant haplogroups in, respectively, the Americas and Europe. Undifferentiated Haplogroup P exists in widely scattered locations near the Black Sea (Ossetia), in the Near East (Kurdish Turkey), Central to Eastern Asia (Southern Siberia and Mongolia) and South America (Northeastern Brazil).

Behar et al, Contrasting Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and Host Non-Jewish European Populations. (pdf) Hum Genet 114:354-365, 2004.
Bortolini et al, Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas. American Journal of Human Genetics, 73:524�539, (2003).
Capelli et al, Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective. (pdf) Annals of Human Genetics, 2005.
Deng et al, Evolution and Migration History of the Chinese Population Inferred from the Chinese Y-chromosome Evidence. (pdf) Journal of Human Genetics, 49:339-348, 2004.
Derenko et al, Contrasting patterns of Y-Chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions, Human Genetics 118: 591�604, 2006.
Flores et al, Reduced Genetic Structure of the Iberian Peninsula Revealed by Y-chromosome Analysis: Implications for Population Demography. (available by subscription) European Journal of Human Genetics, 12:855-863, 2004.
Kayser et al. Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochrondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72:281-302, 2003.
Kivisild et al, The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists in Both Indian Tribal and Caste Populations. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 72:313-332, 2003.
Nasidze et al, MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups. (abstract) Annals of Human Genetics, 69:401-412, 2005.
Shen et al, Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli Populations from Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation. (pdf) Human Mutation, 24:248-260, 2004.
Su et al, Y-chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 65:1718-1724, 1999.
Thangaraj et al, Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population. (pdf) Current Biology, 13:86-93, 2003.

Corrections/Additions made since 20 December 2006:

• Added haplogroups immediately downstream from Haplogroup P on 8 June 2007.
• Added revised haplogroup description on 8 June 2007.
• Updated email address for Contact Person on 8 June 2007.
• Changed verbiage to agree with other webpages on 17 October 2007.
• Added Notes on 17 October 2007.
• Added S25 on 31 October 2007.

Contact Person for Haplogroup P: David Wilson

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