G   M201, P257, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23, U33
�       G*   -
�       G1   M285, M342
�      �       G1*   -
�      �       G1a   P20
�      �       G1b   P76
�       G2   P287
�      �       G2*   -
�      �       G2a   P15, U5   (formerly G2)
�      �       �       G2a*   -
�      �       �       G2a1   P16   (formerly G2a)
�      �       �      �       G2a1*   -
�      �       �      �       G2a1a   P18   (formerly G2a1)
�      �       �       G2a2   M286   (formerly G2b)
�      �       �       G2a3   U8, S126/L30   (formerly G2c)
�      �       �      �       G2a3*   -
�      �       �      �       G2a3a   M406   (formerly G2a3b)
�      �       �      �      �       G2a3a*   -
�      �       �      �      �       G2a3a1   U16, L14/S130, S133   (formerly G2c1, G2a3b2, then G2a3b1)
�      �       �      �       G2a3b   P303   (formerly G2a3c)
�      �       �      �      �       G2a3b*   -
�      �       �      �       �       G2a3b1   U1, S135   (formerly G2c2, then G2a3a)
�      �       �      �       �      �       G2a3b1*   -
�      �       �      �       �      �       G2a3b1a   U13, L13/S131   (formerly G2c2a, then G2a3a1)
�      �       �      �       �       G2a3b2   S146, S147   (formerly G2a3c1)
�      �       �       G2a4   L32/S148   (confirmed within G2a, but exact location unknown)
�      �       �       G2a5   L31/S149   (confirmed within G2a, but exact location unknown)
�      �       G2b   M287   (formerly G3)
�      �       G2c   M377   (formerly G5)
�      �       �       G2c*   -
�      �       �       G2c1   M283

NOTES:

• The U SNPs were reported on the ISOGG 2007 tree, but did not appear in the Karafet et al (2008) paper. This tree integrates the two different trees.
• Thanks to Dennis Garvey for his consultation on Haplogroup G.
• Identical SNPs that were discovered separately are listed in alphabetical order, not necessarily in the order of discovery, and separated by "/". Examples: L14/S130.
• P17 has been withdrawn by discoverer.

Y-DNA haplogroup G is primarily a Middle Eastern, Caucasus Region, and Mediterranean haplogroup that occurs in northwestern Europe in only about 2% of males. The frequency is higher in southern Europe, amounting to approximately 8-10% of the population in Spain, Italy, Greece, and Turkey. Haplogroup G occurs most frequently in the Caucasus region where half of North Ossetian males are in G, as are about 30% of Georgians and Azerbaijanis.

The small numbers of haplogroup G in northwest Europe likely arrived there in part with the Neolithic expansion of agriculture and in part with episodic migrations within the last few thousand years. Some likely arrived with the Roman occupation. The relative contribution of these different sources is controversial, but the relative contribution probably varies in importance from place to place.

By far, the most common sub-group in western Europe is G2a. Haplogroup G2a has been resolved into several subgroups, the largest of which is G2a3-U8. Sub-groups G1 and G2c occur at almost an order of magnitude less frequently than G2a in western Europe. G1 is common in Iran (Regueiro, 2006), but uncommon in Europe. A large majority of European G2c�s are Ashkenazi Jews, but so far G2c has been tested in only a small number of people in the Middle East and South Asia. Among Ashkenazi Jews overall, about 10% are in haplogroup G, including about 8% in G2c and 2% in G2a, along with small numbers in G1. About 20% of Moroccan Jews are in Haplogroup G. Other groups with a significant G frequency include Catalan-speaking northern Sardinians and the Druze, who are about 18% G2a. About one-third of Haplogroup G in Iran is in sub-group G1.

The founder of haplogroup G is thought to have lived about 30,000 years ago, probably in the northern part of the Middle East.

References:

Additional Resources:
Whit Athey, Resource for Haplogroup G
Ray Banks, Haplogroup G
Peter Christy, DNA Haplogroup G Project
Dennis Garvey, Discussion on G
Dennis Garvey, G SNP Project
Brian D. Hamman, Y-str Haplotypes for G Subclades

Corrections/Additions made since 31 December 2007:

• Added Karafet et al (2008) on 4 May 2008.
• SNPs added on 4 May 2008: M406, P76, P257, P287, U20, U21, U23, U33.
• Added subclade G2a3d; SNP known only by rs34134567 on 5 May 2008.
• Changed rs34134567 to S126 on 11 May 2008.
• Note associated with M406 that said location beneath P15 is uncertain was deleted on 8 August 2008 because the location has been confirmed.
• Note associated with S126 formerly said location beneath P15 is uncertain was changed to location beneath U8 is uncertainon 8 August 2008.
• SNPs L14, S130 and M283 added on 8 August 2008.
• Arrangements of snps downstream of G2a3 changed on 9 September 2008.
• Arrangements of snps downstream of G2a3 plus new snps added on 26 September 2008.
• Simplified notation associated with G2a3 on 20 October 2008.
• Added L30, L31, L32, P303, S146, S147, S148, and S149 on 6 November 2008.
• Corrected notes on G2a4, G2a5, and G2a6 on 10 November 2008.
• Changed subclades for P303, S146, S147, L32/S148, and L31/S149 on 7 December 2008.
• Changed subclades for L13/S131, L14/S130, M406, P303, S133, S135, S146, S147, U1, U13, U16 on 10 December 2008.
• P17 has been removed from G2a1a because of withdrawal by discoverer on 21 December 2008.
• Added Athey et al (2008) on 24 December 2008.

Contact People for Haplogroup G: Phil Goff or Whit Athey

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