F   L132.1, M89, M213/P137/Page38, M235/Page80, P14, P133, P134, P135, P136, P138, P139,
       P140, P141,P142, P145, P146, P148, P149, P151, P157, P158, P159, P160, P161, P163, P166,
       P187, P316
�     F*   -
�     F1   P91, P104
�     F2   M427, M428
�     F3   L279, L281, L284, L285, L286, M282, P96
�     F4   M481
�     G    L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, L770, L836,
               L837, M201, P257/U6, Page94/U17, U2, U3, U7, U12, U20, U21, U23, U33
�     H   M69/Page45, M370
�     IJK   L15/M523/S137, L16/M522/S138, L69.1(=G)/S163.1
�    �     IJ   M429, P123, P124, P125, P126, P127, P129, P130, S2, S22
�    �     �       I   M170, M258, P19_1, P19_2, P19_3, P19_4, P19_5, P38, P212, U179
�    �     �       J    12f2.1, L134, M304/Page16, P209, S6/L60, S34, S35
�    �     K   M9, P128, P131, P132

Private SNPs - After investigation these SNPs have not met the population distribution criteria for placement on the tree: either too few confirmed positive testers have been found OR multiple confirmed testers were confined to a single surname or to a small group of related males.

• S86 is a private SNP in F.

NOTES:

• Identical SNPs that were discovered separately are listed in alphabetical order, not necessarily in the order of discovery, and separated by "/". Example: M213/P137.

Y-DNA haplogroup F is the parent of all Y-DNA haplogroups G through T and contains more than 90% of the world�s population. Haplogroup F was in the original migration out of Africa, or else it was founded soon afterward, because F and its sub-haplogroups are primarily found outside, with very few inside, sub-Saharan Africa. The founder of F could have lived between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, depending on the time of the out-of-Africa migration.

The major sub-groups of Haplogroup F are Haplogroups G, H, [IJ], and K, which are discussed elsewhere at this site. The minor sub-groups, F*, F1, and F2 have not been well studied, but apparently occur only infrequently and primarily in the Indian subcontinent. F* has been observed in two individuals in Portugal, possibly representing a remnant of 15th and 16th century contact of Portugal with India.

References:

Alonso et al, The Place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome Diversity Landscape. (available by subscription) European Journal of Human Genetics, 13:1293-1302, 2005.
Behar et al, Contrasting Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and Host Non-Jewish European populations. (pdf) Hum Genet 114:354-365, 2004.
Biro et al, A Y-Chromosomal Comparison of the Madjars (Kazakhstan) and the Magyars (Hungary), American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 139(3): 305-10, 2009. (abstract)
Cruciani et al, A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes. American Journal of Human Genetics, 70:1197-1214, 2002.
Deng et al, Evolution and Migration History of the Chinese Population Inferred from the Chinese Y-chromosome Evidence. (pdf) Journal of Human Genetics, 49:339-348, 2004.
Flores et al, Reduced Genetic Structure of the Iberian Peninsula Revealed by Y-chromosome Analysis: Implications for Population Demography. (pdf) European Journal of Human Genetics, 12:855-863, 2004.
Fornarino et al, Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome Diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): A Reservoir of Genetic Variation. BMC Evol Biol. 2009; 9: 154. Published online 2009 July 2. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-154, 2009.
Karafet et al, New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree. Abstract. Genome Research, published online April 2, 2008. Supplementary Material.
Kayser et al. Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72:281-302, 2003.
Kivisild et al, The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists in Both Indian Tribal and Caste Populations. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 72:313-332, 2003.
Nasidze et al, MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups. (abstract) Annals of Human Genetics, 69:401-412, 2005.
Nasidze et al, Testing Hypotheses of Language Replacement in the Caucasus: Evidence from the Y-chromosome, Human Genetics 112 (3): 255-61, 2003.
Regueiro et al, Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration. (abstract) Human Heredity, Vol. 61, No 3, 132-143, 2006.
Semino et al, Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 70:265-268, 2002.
Sengupta et al, Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y-chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221, 2006.
Shen et al, Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli Populations from Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation. (pdf) Human Mutation, 24:248-260, 2004.
Su et al, Y-chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 65:1718-1724, 1999.
Underhill et al, New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory. in Rethinking the Human Evolution, Mellars P, Boyle K, Bar-Yosef O, Stringer C, Eds. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK, pp. 33-42, 2007b.
Underhill et al, Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations. (abstract) Annual Review Genetics, 41:539-564, December 1, 2007(a).

Additional Resources:
ISOGG Wiki - What you need to know about Genetic Genealogy.
The Haplogroup F Y-DNA Project, Garland Boyette.

Corrections/Additions made since 1 January 2011:

• Added M481 and Fornarino et al (2009) on 13 February 2011.
• Added L60 and L134 and haplogroup project in Additional Resources on 22 March 2011.
• Added Page16, Page38, Page45, Page80 on 1 April 2011.
• Added L154, L204, L240, L279, L281, L284, L285, L286, M282, P316, Page94 on 2 April 2011.
• Added L116 on 6 May 2011.
• Added Nasidze et al (2003) on 16 May 2011.
• Added Biro et al (2009) on 30 May 2011.
• Added L269, L520, L521, L522, L523 to G on 6 June 2011.
• Added extensions such as _1, _2, _3 to snps with multiple y-positions on 4 August 2011.
• Added L402, L605 on 27 October 2011.
• Added L769, L770. L836, L839 on 8 November 2011.
• Added L132.1 on 20 November 2011.

Contact Person for Haplogroup F: Whit Athey

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