N   M231/Page91
�    N*   -
�    N1   LLY22g.1_1, LLY22g.1_2
�   �    N1*   -
�   �    N1a   P189.2
�   �    N1b   L732
�   �    �    N1b*   -
�   �    �    N1b1   L731, L733
�   �    N1c   L729
�   �    �    N1c*   -
�   �    �    N1c1   M46/Page70/Tat, P105
�   �    �   �    N1c1*   -
�   �    �   �    N1c1a   M178, P298
�   �    �   �    �    N1c1a*   -
�   �    �   �    �    N1c1a1   L708, L839
�   �    �   �    �   �    N1c1a1*   -
�   �    �   �    �   �    N1c1a1a   L392, L1026/Z1973
�   �    �   �    �   �    �    N1c1a1a*   -
�   �    �   �    �   �    �    N1c1a1a1   CTS2929/VL29
�   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    N1c1a1a1*   -
�   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    N1c1a1a1a   L550/S431
�   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    �    N1c1a1a1a*   -
�   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    �    N1c1a1a1a1   L1025
�   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    N1c1a1a1a1*   -
�   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    N1c1a1a1a1a   L149.2, L551
�   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    N1c1a1a1a1b   L591
�   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    N1c1a1a1a1c   L1027
�   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    N1c1a1a1b   L1022
�   �    �   �    �   �    �    N1c1a1a2   Z1936
�   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    N1c1a1a2*   -
�   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    N1c1a1a2a   Z1925, Z1935
�   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    �    N1c1a1a2a*   -
�   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    �    N1c1a1a2a1   Z1941
�   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    N1c1a1a2a1*   -
�   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    N1c1a1a2a1a   Z1940
�   �    �   �    �   �    �   �    N1c1a1a2b   L1034
�   �    �    N1c2   L666
�   �    �   �    N1c2*   -
�   �    �   �    N1c2a   M128
�   �    �   �    N1c2b   P43
�   �    �   �    �    N1c2b*   -
�   �    �   �    �    N1c2b1   P63
�   �    �   �    �    N1c2b2   L665

Private SNPs are being removed from the tree and placed in the following category:
Private SNPs - After investigation these SNPs have not met the population distribution criteria for placement on the tree: either too few confirmed positive testers have been found OR multiple confirmed testers were confined to a single surname or to a small group of related males.

• L220.2, L646, and L648 are downstream of N1c1-M178. Listed 9 Mar 2012.
• L709, L710, and L711 are downstream of N1c1-L550. Listed 9 Mar 2012.
• P21_1, P21_2, P21_3 are downstream of M178 and parallel to L708. Listed 13 September 2012.
• P67_1, P67_2, P67_3 are downstream of M178 and parallel to L708. Listed 13 September 2012.
• P119 is downstream of M178 and parallel to L708. Listed 13 September 2012.

SNPs under Investigation - Additional testing is needed to confirm adequate positive samples and/or correct placement on the tree.

• L548 is located at approximately N1-LLY22g.1_1, LLY22g.1_2. Listed 9 Mar 2012.
• L549, and L395 are located at approximately N1c1-M178. Listed 2 April 2012.
• L58 is located at approximately downstream of N1c1-L550, but due to the appearance of the SNP in different haplogroups may be unstable. Listed 2 April 2012.
• LLy22g.2_1 and LLy22g.2_2 found at approximately L1026. Listed 6 August 2012.
• CTS10082 is downstream of L392 and possibly equivalent to Z1936. Listed 9 January 2013.
• Page56/S323 is located at approximately N-L732. Listed 21 March 2013.

NOTES:

• Identical SNPs that were discovered separately are listed in alphabetical order, not necessarily in the order of discovery, and separated by "/". Example: M46/Tat.
• A characteristic of Haplogroup N haplotypes is the b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the human Y-chromosome. However, this deletion appears to have occurred independently on four different occasions. Thus this deletion should not be considered a unique event polymorphism that contributes to the definition of this branch of the Y-chromosome tree.
• Due to lack of positive control samples for P21, P67, and P119, the positions of those uncommon SNPs in the haplotree are uncertain with respect to the position of L708 and L839.

Y-DNA haplogroup N is found throughout Northern Eurasia. Possible points of origin include south-western China, from which the population spread both toward the Baltic region and into Siberia about 10,000 years ago through the Altai region. The dominant N-M46 branch is found widely distributed in Siberia and in northern Europe. At its western extent, the greatest concentration is found among Finns, Latvians and Lithuanians. The N-L708 is the only branch of N-M178 which was found west of the Urals and the N-L550 is typical for the South-Baltic region of Lithuanians, Belorussians and Polish. Plus it is found in Scandinavians and at a concentration of less than 1 percent for the British Isles. N-L1034 is typical for Hungarian samples and indicates the Ugric marker within N-M46.
The less common N-M128 lineage shows a scattered distribution in Asia, with small concentrations in areas of Kazakhstan, Korea and China. The N-P43 branch shows two clusters, one in the Ural-Volga area and the other further east. The undifferentiated N1* population is widely distributed at low levels of occurrence with a weak concentration in Cambodia and southern China. Haplogroup N has also been found at moderate concentration in eastern Europe and at low concetration in Anatolia.

References:

Balanovsky et al, Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their Eurasian Context. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 82(1):236-250, 2008.
Behar et al, Contrasting Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and Host Non-Jewish European Populations. (pdf) Hum Genet 114:354-365, 2004.
Behar et al, Genome-Wide Structure of the Jewish People. Nature, 446:238-42, 2010.
Cinnioglu et al, Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype Strata in Anatolia. (pdf) Human Genetics. 114:127-148, 2004.
Flores et al, Reduced Genetic Structure of the Iberian Peninsula Revealed by Y-chromosome Analysis: Implications for Population Demography. (pdf) European Journal of Human Genetics, 12:855-863, 2004.
Gayden et al, The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow. American Journal of Human Genetics, 80(5):884-894, 2007.
Hammer et al, Dual Origins of the Japanese: Common Ground for Hunter-gatherer and Farmer Y Chromosomes. (abstract) Journal of Human Genetics, 51:47-58, 2006.
Karafet et al, New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree. Abstract. Genome Research, published online April 2, 2008. Supplementary Material.
Karlsson et al, Y-chromosome Diversity in Sweden - A Long-time Perspective. (pdf) European Journal of Human Genetics, 14:963-970, 2006.
Regueiro et al, Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration. (abstract) Human Heredity, Vol. 61, No 3, 132-143, 2006.
Rootsi et al., A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe. European Journal of Human Genetics. 15: 204-211,01 Feb 2007.
Rootsi S, Human Y Chromosomal Variations in European Populations. (dissertation) Council of the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Oct 2004.
Rozen et al, Remarkably Little Variation in Proteins Encoded by the Y Chromosome's Single-Copy Genes, Implying Effective Purifying Selection. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2009 December 11; 85(6): 923-928.
Sengupta et al, Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y-chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221, 2006.
Zhong et al, Extended Y-chromosome Investigation Suggests Post-Glacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route. Molecular Biology, 28(1):717-727, 2011.

Additional Resources:
ISOGG Wiki - What you need to know about Genetic Genealogy.
N North Eurasian YDNA Project, Vladimir Volkov.
N Y-DNA Haplogroup Project, Robert Andersen.
N1c1 Y-DNA Project, Eugene Matyushonok.
Nobility of Grand Duchy of Lithuania Y-DNA&mtDNA Project, Stanislaw Plewako.
Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project, Andrzej Bajor.
Rurikid and Gediminid Princes Report, Andrzej Bajor.

Corrections/Additions made since 1 January 2013:

• Moved VL29 from Investigation to tree on 3 January 2013.
• Added CTS10082 to Investigation on 9 January 2013.
• Added CTS2929 to tree on 20 February 2013.
• Moved Page56/S323 from the tree to Investigation and added content to the N Haplogroup description on 21 March 2013.
• Added N North Eurasian YDNA Project on 9 April 2012.
• Added Vladimir Volkov as contact person on 23 April 2013.

Contact People for Haplogroup N: Eugene Matyushonok, Marja Pirttivaara, and Vladimir Volkov

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