Y-DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades - 2014
The entire work is identified by the Version Number and date given on the
Main Page. Directions for citing the document are given at
the bottom of the Main Page.
Version History Last
revision date for this specific page: 17 November 2014
Because of continuing research, the structure of the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree changes and ISOGG
does its best to keep the tree updated with the latest developments
in the field. The viewer may observe other versions of the tree on the Web. Email
Alice Fairhurst if the differences need
clarification or if you find any broken links on this page.
The criteria for a representative SNP printed in bold for a subclade is: traditional usage, testing one
in multiple labs, and/or being found in the area of the chromosome used in recent research studies.
SNPs listed below in italics (colored black or red) are quality variants from next-generation sequencing reports consistently
showing as representing that subgroup.
Contact Person for Haplogroup C: Ray H. Banks
C M130/Page51/RPS4Y711, M216,
IMS-JST029149, IMS-JST037816-80,
P184, P255/P325,
P260/P324, Page85, V77, V183, V199, V232
•
C* -
•
C1 F3393/Z1426
• •
C1* -
• •
C1a CTS11043
• • •
C1a* -
• • •
C1a1 M8, CTS219, CTS231, CTS483,
CTS667, CTS1208, CTS1994, CTS2278, CTS2609, CTS3357, CTS3368/PF693, CTS3370, CTS3487, CTS3825, CTS4198, CTS4318/Z1392,
CTS4324, CTS4866, CTS5312/Z1394, CTS5794/Z1396, CTS5942, CTS6670, CTS7285, CTS8419, CTS8781, CTS9122, CTS9291,
CTS9351, CTS10312/Z1412, CTS11072/Z1425, CTS11382/Z1428, CTS11581/Z1429, CTS11893/Z1430,
IMS-JST037816, M105,
M131, P122
• • • •
C1a1* -
• • • •
C1a1a P121
• • • • •
C1a1a* -
• • • • •
C1a1a1 CTS6678, CTS10729, CTS11058,
Z7054, Z7174, Z7180, Z7190, Z7196, Z7643,
Z7650, Z7842, Z7968, Z7972, Z7985, Z7986, Z7988, Z7989, Z7991
• • • • •
C1a1a2 Z1356, CTS7128/Z1357,
Z4160, Z7156, Z7159, Z7162, Z7228, Z7231, Z7232, Z7234,
Z7237, Z7856, Z7869, Z7870, Z7898, Z7899, Z7900, Z7901, Z7902, Z7903, Z7904
• • •
C1a2 V20, V71, V86, V182,
V184, V219
• • • •
C1a2* -
• • • •
C1a2a V222
• •
C1b F1370
• • •
C1b* -
• • •
C1b1 M356
• • • •
C1b1* -
• • • •
C1b1a P92, F930/K105, K43, K45, K59,
K61, K69, K78, K83, K88, K90, K94, K99, K108, K129, K134, K141, K146, K147, K156, K161, K162, K181, K184, K185,
K186, K187, K188, K205, K245, K246, K249, K252, K260, K261, K267, K280, K293, K310, K317, K319, K320, K323, K327,
K331, K358, K377, K396, K398, K401, K402, K414, K415, K417, K426, K427, K435, Z12426,
Z12427, Z12428, Z12429, Z12430, Z12431, Z12432, Z12433, Z12434, Z12435, Z12436, Z12437, Z12438, Z12439, Z12440,
Z12441, Z12442, Z12443, Z12444, Z12445, Z12446, Z12447, Z12448, Z12449, Z12450, Z12451, Z12452, Z12453, Z12454,
Z12455, Z12456, Z12457, Z12458, Z12459, Z12460, Z12461, Z12462, Z12463, Z12464, Z12465, Z12466, Z12467, Z12468,
Z12469, Z12470, Z12471, Z12472, Z12473, Z12474, Z12475, Z12476, Z12477, Z12478, Z12479
• • • • •
C1b1a* -
• • • • •
C1b1a1 Z5895, K40, K41, K56, K70,
K74, K79, K102, K104, K113, K119, K136, K138, K153, K159, K175, K191, K195, K196, K197, K198, K223, K231, K234, K238,
K258, K274, K277, K296, K297, K303, K308, K309, K324, K332, K333, K341, K361, K382, K395, K399, K400, K404,
K406, K407, K412, K429, K434, Z12482, Z12483, Z12484, Z12485, Z12486, Z12487, Z12488, Z12489, Z12490,
Z12491, Z12492, Z12493, Z12494, Z12495, Z12496
• • • • •
•
C1b1a1* -
• • • • •
•
C1b1a1a K96, K107, K131, K163,
K233, K272, K283, K425, Z12480, Z12481, Z12497, Z12498, Z12499, Z12500, Z12502, Z12503
• • • • •
••
C1b1a1a* -
• • • • •
••
C1b1a1a1 K42, K44, K60, K68, K77, K86,
K101, K117, K118, K135, K140, K143, K209, K227, K235, K236, K244, K276, K300, K316, K338, K362, K418/Z12513, K444,
Z12504, Z12505, Z12506, Z12507, Z12508, Z12509, Z12510.1/Z15303.1, Z12511, Z12512, Z12514
• • • • •
• • •
C1b1a1a1* -
• • • • •
• • •
C1b1a1a1a Z5896, K92, K225, K428,
Z12515, Z12516, Z12517, Z12518, Z12519, Z12520
• • • • •
• • • •
C1b1a1a1a* -
• • • • •
• • • •
C1b1a1a1a1 K193, Z12521
• • • • •
• • • • •
C1b1a1a1a1* -
• • • • •
• • • • •
C1b1a1a1a1a Z12522
• • • • •
• • • • •
•
C1b1a1a1a1a* -
• • • • •
• • • • •
•
C1b1a1a1a1a1 K466, K468, Z12527,
Z12528
• • • • •
• • • • •
•
C1b1a1a1a1a1* -
• • • • •
• • • • •
•
C1b1a1a1a1a1a K469, K470,
Z12530
• • • • •
• • • • •
• • •
C1b1a1a1a1a1a* -
• • • • •
• • • • •
• • •
C1b1a1a1a1a1a1 Z5898
• • • •
C1b1b Z5900, Z12318, Z12319, Z12320, Z12321,
Z12322, Z12323, Z12324, Z12325, Z12326, Z12327, Z12328, Z12329, Z12330, Z12331, Z12332, Z12333, Z12334, Z12335, Z12336,
Z12337, Z12338, Z12339, Z12340, Z12341, Z12342, Z12343, Z12344, Z12345, Z12346, Z12347, Z12348, Z12349, Z12350, Z12351,
Z12352, Z12353, Z12354, Z12355, Z12356, Z12357, Z12358, Z12359, Z12360, Z12361, Z12362, Z12363, Z12364, Z12365, Z12366,
Z12367, Z12368, Z12369, Z12370, Z12371, Z12372, Z12373, Z12374, Z12375, Z12376, 12377, Z12378, Z12379, Z12380, Z12381,
Z12382, Z12383, Z12384, Z12385, Z12386, Z12387, Z12388, Z12389, Z12390, Z12391, Z12392, Z12393, Z12394, Z12395, Z12396,
Z12397, Z12398, Z12399, Z12400, Z12401, Z12402, Z12403, Z12404, Z12405, Z12406, Z12407, Z12408, Z12409, Z12410, Z12411,
Z12412, Z12413, Z12414, Z12415, Z12416, Z12417, Z12418, Z12419, Z12420, Z12421, Z12422, Z12423, Z12424,
Z12425
• • •
C1b2 M38
• • • •
C1b2* -
• • • •
C1b2a M208
• • • • •
C1b2a* -
• • • • •
C1b2a1 P33_1, P33_2, P33_3
• • • • •
C1b2a2 P54
• •
C1c M347, P309
• • •
C1c* -
• • •
C1c1 M210
•
C2 M217, P44, Z1453
• •
C2* -
• •
C2a M93
• •
C2b L1373, F1396,
F1906, F2386, F2661, F3348, F3447, F3738, F3752, F3769, F3776, F3783, F3787, F3805, F3831, F3847, F3851, F3904, F3914,
F3923, F3929, F3950, F3951, F3954, F3972, F3977, F3980, F3981, F3982, F3986, F4012
• • •
C2b* --
• • •
C2b1 F1699, F1788, F3927, F4032,
FGC16324, FGC16362, FGC16611, Z22209, Z22210
• • • •
C2b1* --
• • • •
C2b1a F3918, F4015
• • • • •
C2b1a* --
• • • • •
C2b1a1 P39
• • • • •
C2b1a2 F1756, F3985, F3613,
F3647/M1923, F3825, F3844, F3868, F3896, F3937, F3955, F3971, F4006, F4017
• • • • •
•
C2b1a2* -
• • • • •
•
C2b1a2a F3830
• • • •
C2b1b M48
• • • • •
C2b1b* --
• • • • •
C2b1b1 M77, M86
• • • •
C2b1c F1918, F4002, F966, F2007,
F2914, F3747, F3770, F3779, F3791, F3795, F3810, F3827, F3834, F3897, F3919, F3932, F3939, F3945, F3991, F4023, F4031,
F4141, M504, M546
• • • • •
C2b1c* =
• • • • •
C2b1c1 M401
• •
C2c P53.1
• •
C2d P62
• •
C2e F2613/Z1338
• • •
C2e* -
• • •
C2e1 Z1300, CTS1019,
CTS4021/Z1301, CTS4590, F2982, F3895, K37, Z3874, Z4040, Z8441, Z8446, Z12153, Z12252,
Z12257, Z12258
• • • •
C2e1* -
• • • •
C2e1a CTS2657, CTS11990, F3755,
F3921, F3949, F3967, F4027, F4035, Z16231, Z16232, Z16233
• • • • •
C2e1a* -
• • • • •
C2e1a1 CTS8579, F3737, F3739,
F3836, F3883, F4040
• • • • •
•
C2e1a1* -
• • • • •
•
C2e1a1a F3784, F3785, F3850,
F3853
• • • • •
• •
C2e1a1a* -
• • • • •
• •
C2e1a1a1 M407
• • • •
C2e1b Z8440, F3880, Z3994,
Z12209
• • • • •
C2e1b* -
• • • • •
C2e1b1 F1319, F1673, F3777,
F3797.2/Z2201.2, F3799, Z12177, Z12179, Z12202, Z12205, Z12253, Z12254, Z12255, Z12256
• • • • •
•
C2e1b1* -
• • • • •
•
C2e1b1a F3735, F3748, F3750/M4236, F3806
• • • • •
C2e1b2 CTS3385
• • •
C2e2 F845, CTS3958, CTS5126,
CTS6704/M8145, CTS10923, CTS12931, K500, K502, K503, K504, K505, K506, K507, K508, K509, K510, K546, K547, K548,
K549, K550, K551, K553, K554, Z12259, Z12260, Z12261, Z12262, Z12263, Z12264, Z12265, Z12266, Z12267, Z12268,
Z12269, Z12270, Z12271, Z12272, Z12273, Z12274, Z12275
• • • •
C2e2* -
• • • •
C2e2a K516, K511, K512, K513,
K514, K515, K517, K518, K519, K520, K521, K522/K543, K523, K524, K525, K526, K527, K528, K529, K530, K531, K532,
K533, K534, K536, K537, K538, K539, K540, K542, K544, K545, Z12276, Z12277, Z12278, Z12279, Z12280, Z12281, Z12282,
Z12283, Z12284, Z12285, Z12286, Z12287, Z12288, Z12289, Z12290, Z12291, Z12292, Z12293, Z12294, Z12295, Z12296,
Z12297, Z12298, Z12299, Z12300, Z12301, Z12302, Z12303, Z12304, Z12305, Z12306, Z12307, Z12308, Z12309, Z12310,
Z12311, Z12312, Z12313, Z12314, Z12315, Z12316, Z12317
• •
C2f F978/IMS-JST002613-27
Private SNPs - After having been investigated, these SNPs have not met the population distribution
criteria for placement on the tree. Either too few confirmed positive testers have been found OR multiple
confirmed testers were confined to either a single surname or to a small group of related males.
- P55 is downstream of M130. Listed 5 August 2012.
SNPs under Investigation - Additional testing is needed to confirm adequate positive samples
and/or correct placement on the tree.
- PK2 has an uncertain location; the primer in Mohyuddin et al (2006) may be
incorrect. Listed 3 January 2013.
- F3952.1, IMS-JST645622+13 is located at approximately M217. Listed 21 March 2013.
- F894 and Z4113 are located downstream from M217 and
upstream from F2613/Z1338. Listed 7 May 2013.
- CTS2457.1 and F4013 are located at
approximately Z1300 and negative in M407. Listed 7 May 2013.
- L1367, L1370, L1371 and L1372 are located at approximately
M77. Listed 25 May 2013.
- L1368 and L1369 are located at approximately M48. Listed
25 May 2013.
- F1067 is located downstream from M217, upstream from Z1338, and parallel to L1373. Listed 29 November 2013.
- CTS117/M386, M532 are located at approximately L1373. Listed 30
November 2013.
- V248 is located at approximately M38. Listed 10 September 2014.
- V87 is located at approximately M217. Listed 10 September 2014.
NOTES:
- Identical SNPs that were discovered separately are listed in alphabetical order, not necessarily in
the order of discovery, and separated by "/". Example: M130/RPS4Y711.
Y-DNA haplogroup C is thought to have arisen shortly after modern humans left Africa.
Descendants spread mostly through southern and eastern Asia, but branches developed also in the Americas,
islands south of Malaysia, Australia, central Asia and Europe.
C* is found on the Indian subcontinent, Sri Lanka and in parts of SE Asia. The uncommon C1-M8 lineage appears to be
restricted to Japan. C-M38 is found predominantly in New Guinea, Melanesia, and Polynesia. The C-M217 lineage is most
common of them all and is believed to have originated in southeast or central Asia, spreading from there into
northern Asia and the Americas. C-M217 is also found in low concentrations in eastern and central Europe, where it
may represent evidence of the westward expansion of the Huns in the early Middle Ages and later the Mongols.
Subhaplogroup P39 seems to be found only in the Americas. C-Z1338 combines both eastern and central Asian groups.
C-M347 is found exclusively among aboriginal Australians and is dominant in that population. C-M356 has a significant
presence in southern Asia. C-V20 is most common in Europe.
Using variation in STR markers, Zhong et al. in 2010 estimated the divergence times of some Hg C subgroups as they then existed as follows
(thousands of years):
C-M8 41.9 ± 16.6
C-M356 33.3 ± 19.1
C-M217 32.6 ± 14.1
C-P39 14.5 ± 5.1
C-M48 9.3 ± 3.3
C-P53.1 14.4 ± 5.1
C-M407 12.0 ± 4.2
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Additional Resources:
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C Haplogroup, Ed Martin, Ray Banks.
Haplogroup C Project, Ray Banks.
Corrections/Additions made since 1 January 2014:
- Moved CTS6678, CTS10729, CTS11058, Z7054, Z7174, Z1356, Z1357, Z7156, Z7159, Z7162 from Investigation to tree
on 7 January 2014.
- Added Z4160, Z7180, Z7190, Z7196, Z7228, Z7231, Z7232, Z7234, Z7237, Z7643, Z7650, Z7842, Z7856, Z7869, Z7870,
Z7898, Z7899, Z7900, Z7901, Z7902, Z7903, Z7904, Z7968, Z7972, Z7985, Z7986, Z7988, Z7989, Z7991 to tree on 7 January 2014.
- Added F1319, F1673, F3735, F3748, F3750/M4236, F3777, F3797.2/Z2201.2, F3799, F3806, Z3994, Z8440, Z12209, Z12177,
Z12179, Z12202, Z12205, Z12253, Z12254, Z12255, Z12256 to tree; moved CTS3385, F3880 from Investigation to tree
on 7 January 2014.
- Moved F3393/Z1426, CTS11043 from Investigation to tree; revised haplogroup description on 24 January 2014.
- Added Z5900, Z12318, Z12319, Z12320, Z12321, Z12322, Z12323, Z12324, Z12325, Z12326, Z12327, Z12328, Z12329, Z12330,
Z12331, Z12332, Z12333, Z12334, Z12335, Z12336, Z12337, Z12338, Z12339, Z12340, Z12341, Z12342, Z12343, Z12344, Z12345,
Z12346, Z12347, Z12348, Z12349, Z12350, Z12351, Z12352, Z12353, Z12354, Z12355, Z12356, Z12357, Z12358, Z12359, Z12360,
Z12361, Z12362, Z12363, Z12364, Z12365, Z12366, Z12367, Z12368, Z12369, Z12370, Z12371, Z12372, Z12373, Z12374, Z12375,
Z12376, 12377, Z12378, Z12379, Z12380, Z12381, Z12382, Z12383, Z12384, Z12385, Z12386, Z12387, Z12388, Z12389, Z12390,
Z12391, Z12392, Z12393, Z12394, Z12395, Z12396, Z12397, Z12398, Z12399, Z12400, Z12401, Z12402, Z12403, Z12404, Z12405,
Z12406, Z12407, Z12408, Z12409, Z12410, Z12411, Z12412, Z12413, Z12414, Z12415, Z12416, Z12417, Z12418, Z12419, Z12420,
Z12421, Z12422, Z12423, Z12424, Z12425 on 24 January 2014.
- Added K40, K41, K56, K70, K74, K79, K102, K104, K113, K119, K136, K138, K153, K159, K175, K191, K195, K196,
K197, K198, K223, K231, K234, K238, K258, K274, K277, K296, K297, K303, K308, K309, K324, K332, K333, K341, K361,
K382, K395, K399, K400, K404, K406, K407, K412, K429, K434, Z5895, Z12482, Z12483, Z12484, Z12485, Z12486, Z12487,
Z12488, Z12489, Z12490, Z12491, Z12492, Z12493, Z12494, Z12495, Z12496 on 27 January 2014.
- Added K96, K107, K131, K163, K233, K272, K283, K425, Z12480, Z12481, Z12497, Z12498, Z12499, Z12500, Z12502,
Z12503 on 27 January 2013.
- Added F930/K105, K43, K45, K59, K61, K69, K78, K83, K88, K90, K94, K99, K108, K129, K134, K141, K146, K147,
K156, K161, K162, K181, K184, K185, K186, K187, K188, K205, K245, K246, K249, K252, K260, K261, K267, K280, K293,
K310, K317, K319, K320, K323, K327, K331, K358, K377, K396, K398, K401, K402, K414, K415, K417, K426, K427, K435,
Z12426, Z12427, Z12428, Z12429, Z12430, Z12431, Z12432, Z12433, Z12434, Z12435, Z12436, Z12437, Z12438, Z12439,
Z12440, Z12441, Z12442, Z12443, Z12444, Z12445, Z12446, Z12447, Z12448, Z12449, Z12450, Z12451, Z12452, Z12453,
Z12454, Z12455, Z12456, Z12457, Z12458, Z12459, Z12460, Z12461, Z12462, Z12463, Z12464, Z12465, Z12466, Z12467,
Z12468, Z12469, Z12470, Z12471, Z12472, Z12473, Z12474, Z12475, Z12476, Z12477, Z12478, Z12479 on 28 January
2014.
- Added K42, K44, K60, K68, K77, K86, K101, K117, K118, K135, K140, K143, K209, K227, K235, K236, K244, K276,
K300, K316, K338, K362, K418/Z12513, K444, Z12504, Z12505, Z12506, Z12507, Z12508, Z12509, Z12510, Z12511, Z12512,
Z12514 on 28 January 2014.
- Added K92, K193, K225, K428, K466, K468, K469, K470, Z5896, Z5898, Z12515, Z12516, Z12517, Z12518, Z12519,
Z12520, Z12521, Z12522, Z12527, Z12528, Z12530 on 28 January 2014.
- Added CTS1019, CTS4021/Z1301, CTS4590, F2982, F3895, K37, Z3874, Z4040, Z8441, Z8446, Z12153, Z12252,
Z12257, Z12258 on 29 January 2014.
- Added CTS3958, CTS5126, CTS6704/M8145, CTS10923, CTS12931, F845, K500, K502, K503, K504, K505, K506, K507,
K508, K509, K510, K546, K547, K548, K549, K550, K551, K553, K554, Z12259, Z12260, Z12261, Z12262, Z12263, Z12264,
Z12265, Z12266, Z12267, Z12268, Z12269, Z12270, Z12271, Z12272, Z12273, Z12274, Z12275 on 29 January 2014.
- Added K511, K512, K513, K514, K514, K516, K517, K518, K519, K520, K521, K522/K543, K523, K524, K525, K526,
K527, K528, K529, K530, K531, K532, K533, K534, K536, K537, K538, K539, K540, K542, K544, K545, Z12276, Z12277,
Z12278, Z12279, Z12280, Z12281, Z12282, Z12283, Z12284, Z12285, Z12286, Z12287, Z12288, Z12289, Z12290, Z12291,
Z12292, Z12293, Z12294, Z12295, Z12296, Z12297, Z12298, Z12299, Z12300, Z12301, Z12302, Z12303, Z12304, Z12305,
Z12306, Z12307, Z12308, Z12309, Z12310, Z12311, Z12312, Z12313, Z12314, Z12315, Z12316, Z12317 on 29 January
2014.
- Added CTS7128 to tree on 3 February 2014
- Changed order of tree on 27 February 2014.
- Added CTS111 to Investigation on 28 March 2014.
- Added F1370 to tree on 29 August 2014.
- Added V87, V249 to Investigation; added Scozzari et al (2012) on 10 September 2014.
- Added CTS219, CTS231, CTS483, CTS667, CTS1208, CTS1994, CTS2278, CTS2609, CTS3357, CTS3368/PF693, CTS3370,
CTS3487, CTS3825, CTS4198, CTS4318/Z1392, CTS4324, CTS4866, CTS5312/Z1394, CTS5794/Z1396, CTS5942, CTS6670,
CTS7285, CTS8419, CTS8781, CTS9122, CTS9291, CTS9351, CTS10312/Z1412, CTS11072/Z1425, CTS11382/Z1428,
CTS11581/Z1429, CTS11893/Z1430 to tree on 15 September 2014.
- Added .1 to Z12510 and added Z15303.1 on 18 September 2014.
- Moved M546 from tree to Investigation; added F1396, F1788, F1906, F2386, F2661, F3348, F3447, F3738, F3752,
F3769, F3776, F3783, F3787, F3805, F3831, F3847, F3851, F3904, F3914, F3923, F3927, F3929, F3950, F3951, F3954,
F3972, F3977, F3980, F3981, F3982, F3986, F4012, F4032 to tree; moved F1699 from Investigation to tree on 19
September 2014.
- Added F966, F1918, F2007, F2914, F3613, F3647/M1923, F3747, F3770, F3779, F3791, F3795, F3810, F3825, F3827,
F3830, F3834, F3844, F3868, F3896, F3918, F3937, F3897, F3919, F3932, F3939, F3945, F3955, F3971, F3985, F3991,
F4006, F4015, F4017, F4023, F4031, F4141 to tree; moved F1756, F4002 from Investigation to tree on 19 September
2014.
- Added Experimental Composite Y-DNA Haplogroup C Tree by Ray Banks on 5 October 2014.
- Added CTS2657, CTS8579, CTS11990, F3737, F3739, F3755, F3784, F3785, F3836, F3850, F3853, F3883, F3921,
F3949, F3967, F4027, F4035, F4040, Z16231, Z16232, Z16233 to tree on 26 October 2014.
- Moved M504 from Investigation to tree; added FGC16324, FGC16362, FGC16611, Z22209, Z22210 to
tree on 7 November 2014.
- Moved M401, M546 from Investigation to tree on 17 November 2014.
