Y-DNA Haplogroup L and its Subclades - 2015

The entire work is identified by the Version Number and date given on the Main Page. Directions for citing the document are given at the bottom of the Main Page.
Version History Last revision date for this specific page: 15 October 2015

Because of continuing research, the structure of the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree changes and ISOGG does its best to keep the tree updated with the latest developments in the field. The viewer may observe other versions of the tree on the Web. Email Ray H. Banks if the differences need clarification or if you find any broken links on this page.

LINKS: Main Page Y-DNA Tree Trunk SNP Index Papers/Presentations Cited Glossary Listing Criteria

CLADE/SUBCLADE SYMBOLS: Added Redefined

SNP SYMBOLS: Not on 2014 tree Confirmed within subclade Provisional Private Investigation

The criteria for a representative SNP printed in bold for a subclade is: traditional usage, testing one in multiple labs, and/or being found in the area of the chromosome used in recent research studies.

SNPs listed below in italics (colored black or red) are quality variants from next-generation sequencing reports consistently showing as representing that subgroup.

Paragroups, subclades ending with an asterisk (*) indicate that some individuals do not test positive for any snps downstream. Since this fact is commonly known, paragroups are being omitted to simplify the display of SNPs.

Contact Person for Haplogroup L: Gareth Henson

Link to Experimental Composite Y-DNA Haplogroup L Tree by Ray Banks.

L   M20/PF5570, L855, L863, L878/PF5524, L879/PF5697, M11, M61/Page43, M185/PF5755, PF5528, PF5532, PF5539, PF5554, PF5557, PF5563, PF5564, PF5583, PF5683, PF5692, PF5693, PF5699, PF5705, PF5715, PF5717, PF5720, PF5723, PF5729, PF5737, PF5743, PF5747, PF5754, PF5756, PF5757, PF5771, PF5773, PF5779, PF5790, PF5791, PF5804, PF5810, PF5813, PF5815, PF5821, PF5823, PF5829, PF5830, PF5832, PF5833, PF5839
• L1   M22, L656, L1304, M295, Page121
• • L1a   M2481, M2565, M2605, M2664, Y5525/Z20163, Y5560/Z20168
• • • L1a1   M27, M76, P329
• • • L1a2   M357, L1307
• • L1b   M317, L655
• • • L1b1   M349
• • • L1b2   M274
• L2   L595

Private SNPs - After investigation these SNPs have not met the population distribution criteria for placement on the tree: either too few confirmed positive testers have been found OR multiple confirmed testers were confined to a single surname or to a small group of related males.

PK3 is downstream of M357. Listed 6 August 2012.

SNPs under Investigation - Additional testing is needed to confirm adequate positive samples and/or correct placement on the tree.

Page113 and Page116 are downstream of Page 121. Listed 1 November 2011.
Page6 is parallel to Page 121. Listed 1 November 2011.
L864, L865, L866, L867, L868, L869, L870 and L877/PF5780 are found in L2, negative in L1. Listed 19 November 2011.
L1305 and L1306 are found at approximately M357. Listed 7 October 2012.
L147.4 is found at approximately M317. Listed 1 December 2012.
L193.2/S176.2 is found at approximately M61. Listed 4 March 2013.
PF5516/S7575, PF5517, PF5522, PF5686, PF5694, PF5695, PF5718, PF5732, PF5733, PF5744, PF5795, PF5802, PF5806, PF5837, PF5841, PF5842 and PF5844 are found at approximately M11 or M22. Listed 19 August 2013.
L1318, L1319, L1320 and L1321 are found at approximately M27. Listed 19 August 2013.
PH982, PH1071, PH1379, PH2312, PH2342, PH3435, PH3443, PH3615, PH3912, PH4035, PH4159, PH4188, SK1413 may be equivalent to M317. Listed 13 July 2015.
PH8, PH108, PH612, PH997, PH1060, PH1371, PH1428, PH1520, PH1844, PH2124, PH2161, PH2832, PH2952, PH3298, PH3524, PH4160, PH4366.1, PH4489, PH4587, SK1412 are downstream of M317, parallel to M349. Listed 13 July 2015.
PH2079 is downstream from PH8. Listed 16 October 2015.

Y-DNA haplogroup L is found at low frequencies in the Middle East and Europe as paragroup L-M317 (L1b*, originally L2*), subgroup L-M349 (L1b1, originally L2a) and subgroup L-L595 (L2), and at significant frequencies in South Asia as subgroups L-M27 (L1a1, formerly L1a and originally L1) and L-M357 (L1a2, formerly L1c and originally L3).

NOTES:

M22 and M295 were considered equivalent to M11, M20, M61 and M185 in previous versions of the tree. In May 2011 a small group of members of the Y-Haplogroup L Project were found to be negative for all known subgroup SNPs of L and in addition M295- despite being M20+ and/or M61+. Further testing has confirmed that M22 is also negative in this group. The tree has been revised to reflect this discovery. A new SNP L595 has been discovered in a member of the M22- M295- group and has been confirmed in a second member. This SNP therefore designates a new subclade: L2. Several new SNPs have been discovered in L2 and are being investigated.
Identical SNPs that were discovered separately are listed in alphabetical order, not necessarily in the order of discovery, and separated by "/". Example: M61/Page43.

References:

Balanovsky et al, Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 13 May 2011.
Behar et al, Contrasting Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and Host Non-Jewish European Populations. (pdf) Hum Genet 114:354-365, 2004.
Behar et al, Genome-Wide Structure of the Jewish People. Nature, 446:238-42, 2010.
Cinnioglu et al, Excavating Y-chromosome Haplotype Strata in Anatolia. (pdf) Human Genetics. 114:127-148, 2004.
Cruciani et al, A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes. American Journal of Human Genetics, 70:1197-1214, 2002.
Deng et al, Evolution and Migration History of the Chinese Population Inferred from the Chinese Y-chromosome Evidence. (pdf) Journal of Human Genetics, 49:339-348, 2004.
Francalacci et al, Low-Pass DNA Sequencing of 1200 Sardinians Reconstructs European Y-Chromosome Phylogeny. Science: Vol. 341 no. 6145, pp. 565-569, DOI: 10.1126/science.1237947, 2 August 2013.
Hallast et al, The Y-chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades, Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi: 10.1093/molbev/msu327, 2014.
Karafet et al, New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree. Abstract. Genome Research, published online April 2, 2008. Supplementary Material.
Karafet et al, Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 69:615-628, 2001.
Kivisild et al, The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists in Both Indian Tribal and Caste Populations. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 72:313-332, 2003.
Mohyuddin et al, Detection of novel Y SNPs Provides Further Insights into Y chromosomal Variation in Pakistan. Journal of Human Genetics, 2006.
Regueiro et al, Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration. (abstract) Human Heredity, Vol. 61, No 3, 132-143, 2006.
Sengupta et al, Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y-chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221, 2006.
Shen et al, Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli Populations from Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation. (pdf) Human Mutation, 24:248-260, 2004.
Thangaraj et al, Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population. (pdf) Current Biology, 13:86-93, 2003.
Zhao et al, Presence of Three Different Paternal Lineages among North Indians: A Study of 560 Y Chromosomes. (abstract) Annals of Human Biology, 36(1):46-59, 2009.

Additional Resources:
ISOGG Wiki - What you need to know about Genetic Genealogy.
The Y-Haplogroup L Project, Gareth Henson, Peter Hrechdakian.

Corrections/Additions made since 1 January 2015:

Added M2481, M2565, M2605, M2664, Y5525/Z20163, Y5560/Z20168 to tree; moved PF5528, PF5532, PF5539, PF5554, PF5557, PF5563, PF5564, PF5583, PF5689, PF5692, PF5693, PF5699, PF5705, PF5715, PF5717, PF5720, PF5723, PF5729, PF5737, PF5743, PF5747, PF5754, PF5756, PF5757, PF5771, PF5773, PF5779, PF5790, PF5791, PF5804, PF5810, PF5813, PF5815, PF5821, PF5823, PF5829, PF5830, PF5832, PF5833, PF5839 from Investigation to tree on 3 April 2015.
Revised haplogroup description; added Hallast et al (2004) on 3 April 2015.
Added PH982, PH1071, PH1379, PH2312, PH2342, PH3435, PH3443, PH3615, PH3912, PH4035, PH4159, PH4188, SK1413 to Investigation on 13 July 2015.
Added PH8, PH108, PH612, PH997, PH1060, PH1371, PH1428, PH1520, PH1844, PH2079, PH2124, PH2161, PH2832, PH2952, PH3298, PH3524, PH4160, PH4366.1, PH4489, PH4587, SK1412 to Investigation on 13 July 2015.
Moved PH2079 to a new listing in Investigation on 16 October 2015.

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