Y-DNA Haplogroup K and its Subclades - 2016

The entire work is identified by the Version Number and date given on the Main Page. Directions for citing the document are given at the bottom of the Main Page.

Because of continuing research, the structure of the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree changes and ISOGG does its best to keep the tree updated with the latest developments in the field. The viewer may observe other versions of the tree on the Web. Email Ray Banks if the differences need clarification or if you find any broken links on this page.

^ Indicates a next-generation sequencing entry which does not yet meet quality guidelines for minimum number of reads.
^^ Indicates an entry which does not meet quality guidelines but may be helpful.
~ Indicates only an approximate location on the tree.

The criteria for a representative SNP printed in bold for a subclade is: traditional usage, testing one in multiple labs, and/or being found in the area of the chromosome used in recent research studies.

SNPs listed below in italics (colored black or red) are quality variants from next-generation sequencing reports consistently showing as representing that subgroup.

Contact Person for Haplogroup K: Gareth Henson 

K   M9/PF5506
K~ P128/PF5504, P131/PF5493, PF132/PF5480
• LT ^{or K1}   L298/P326, etc.
• • L ^{or K1a}    M20/PF5570, etc.
• • T ^{or K1b}    M184/Page34/USP9Y+3178, etc.
• K2   M526/PF5979 -This was previously classified as K(xLT)
• • NO ^{or K2a}   M214/Page39 etc.
• • • N ^{or K2a1}   M231/Page91 etc.
• • • O ^{or K2a2}   M175 etc.
• • K2b   M1221/P331/PF5911
• • • K2b1   P399, P397^^, PR2099, Z31091, Z31092, Z31109
• • • • S ^{or K2b1a}   B254, Z33355
• • • • M ^{or K2b1b}   P256, etc.
• • • P ^{or K2b2}   P295/PF5866/S8, etc.
• • K2c   P261, P263
• • K2d   P402, P403
• • K2e~  M147

NOTES:

• Identical SNPs that were discovered separately are listed in alphabetical order, not necessarily in the order of discovery, and separated by "/". Examples: M74/N12, M184/USP9Y+3178.
• The Karafet et al (2008) paper made a major change to Haplogroup K. The subgroups formerly known as K1 and K7 was moved to M2 and M3, respectively, and K2 and K5 became Haplogroups S and T, respectively.
• The 50f2(C) deletion in the AZFc region of the human Y chromosome has been observed in several different haplogroups and is not a unique event polymorphism. It is notable, however, that it has been detected at relatively high levels in subgroups of K in Melanesia - K* (21%), and K3 (14%).
• P299 appeared in earlier K trees, but was omitted in 2014 Karafet study so its placement is uncertain. 
• The chromosome location for M-P256 shown in Karafet (2008) seems off by one chromosome position.  All M samples from next-generation sequencing show the same mutation at adjacent chromosome position 8685231.  So this is the position tentatively listed in the ISOGG index.  Listed 31 August 2016.

Y-DNA haplogroup K is an old lineage established approximately 40,000 thousand years ago whose origins were probably in southwestern Asia. K's structure is interwoven with other haplogroups downstream (refer to the main tree at Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree). The subclades restricted to K itself are found at low frequencies in various parts of Africa, Eurasia, Australia and the South Pacific.

Geographical Distribution of ancestry of men in Haplogroup K (not complete):
   
K2c           P261      Balinese Indonesia        
K2d          P402      Javanese Indonesia
K2e          M147     India, Pakistan

References:

Alonso et al, The Place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome Diversity Landscape. European Journal of Human Genetics, 13:1293-1302, 2005.
Behar et al, Genome-Wide Structure of the Jewish People. Nature, 446:238-42, 2010.
Bergstrom, et al, Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes. (pdf) Current Biology, 26:809-813, (2016).
Biro et al, A Y-Chromosomal Comparison of the Madjars (Kazakhstan) and the Magyars (Hungary), American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 139(3): 305-10, 2009. (abstract)
Bortolini et al, Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas. American Journal of Human Genetics, 73:524–539, (2003).
Bosch et al, Paternal and Maternal Lineages in the Balkans Show a Homogeneous Landscape over Linguistis Barriers except for the Isolated Aromuns. Annals of Human Genetics, 70:459-87, (2006).
Cinnioglu et al, Excavating Y-chromosome Haplotype Strata in Anatolia. (pdf) Human Genetics. 114:127-148, 2004.
Cox M P & Lahr M M, Y-Chromosome Diversity Is Inversely Associated with Language Affiliation in Paired Austronesian- and Papuan-Speaking Communities from Solomon Islands. (pdf) American Journal of Human Biology, 18:35-50, 2006.
Cruciani et al, A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes. American Journal of Human Genetics, 70:1197-1214, 2002.
Delfin et al, The Y Chromosome Landscape of the Philippines: Extensive Heterogeneity and Varying Genetic Affinities of Negrito and Non-Negrito Groups. (abstract) European Journal of Human Genetics, 19:224-30, 2011.
Deng et al, Evolution and Migration History of the Chinese Population Inferred from the Chinese Y-chromosome Evidence. (pdf) Journal of Human Genetics, 49:339-348, 2004.
Eaaswarkhanth et al, Traces of Sub-Saharan and Middle Eastern Lineages in Indian Muslim Populations. European Journal of Human Genetics, 18, 354-363, 2010.
Flores et al, Reduced Genetic Structure of the Iberian Peninsula Revealed by Y-chromosome Analysis: Implications for Population Demography. (pdf) European Journal of Human Genetics, 12:855-863, 2004.
Karafet et al, New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree. Abstract. Genome Research, published online April 2, 2008. Supplementary Material.
Karafet et al, Improved Phylogenetic Resolution and Rapid Diversification of Y-chromosome Haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia. European Journal of Human Genetics, 1-5, 2014.
Karmin et al, A Recent Bottleneck of Y chromosome Diversity Coincides with a Global Change in Culture. Genome Research, doi: 10.1101/gr.186684.114, published online March 13, 2015.
Kayser et al, The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNa and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia. Molecular Biology Evolution, 25(7):1362-1374, 2008.
Kayser et al, Independent Histories of Human Y Chromosomes from Melanesia and Australia. American Journal of Human Genetics, 68:173-190, 2001.
Kayser et al, Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y-Chromosome Gradients across the Pacific. MBE Advance Access published August 21, 2006.
Kayser et al. Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72:281-302, 2003.
Kivisild et al, The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists in Both Indian Tribal and Caste Populations. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 72:313-332, 2003.
Li et al, Paternal Genetic Affinity between Western Austronesians and Daic Populations BMC Evolutionary Biology, Vo. 15(8), p. 146, 2008.
Mona et al, Patterns of Y-chromosome Diversity Intersect with the Trans-New Guinea Hypothesis. Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Sep 10; [Epub ahead of print]
Regueiro et al, Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration. (abstract) Human Heredity, Vol. 61, No 3, 132-143, 2006.
Scheinfeldt et al, Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia. Society for Molecular Biology, 2006.
Semino et al, Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 70:265-268, 2002.
Sengupta et al, Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y-chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221, 2006.
Shen et al, Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli Populations from Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation. (pdf) Human Mutation, 24:248-260, 2004.
Su et al, Y-chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 65:1718-1724, 1999.
Thangaraj et al, Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population. (pdf) Current Biology, 13:86-93, 2003.
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Additional Resources:
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Corrections/Additions made since 1 January 2016:

• Added M1205, L405/PF5990 to tree investigation on 1 January 2016.
• Added B254, B276, Z33744, Z33746, Z33747,  Z33748, Z33750, Z33751, Z41332, Z41333, B275, Z33756, Z33757, Z33758, Z33759 to tree investigation; added B255,  Z33356, Z33357, Z33358, Z33359, Z33360, Z33361, Z33362, Z33363, Z33364, Z33365, Z33366, Z33367, Z33368, Z33369, Z33370, Z33371, Z33372, Z33373, Z33374, Z33375, Z33376, Z33377, Z33378, Z33379, Z33380, Z33381, Z33382, Z33383, Z33384, Z33385, Z33386, Z33388, Z33389, Z33390, Z33391, Z33392, Z33393, Z33394, Z33395, Z33396, Z33397, Z33398, Z33399, Z33400, Z33401, Z33402, Z33403, Z33404, Z33405, Z33406, Z33407, Z33408, Z33409, Z33410, Z33411, Z33412, Z33413, Z33414, Z33415, Z33416, Z33417, Z33418, Z33419, Z33420, Z33421, Z33422, Z33423, Z33424, Z33425, Z33426, Z33427, Z33428, Z33429, Z33430, Z33431, Z33432, Z33433, Z33434, Z33435, Z33436, Z33437, Z33438, Z33439, Z33440, Z33442, Z33444, Z33446, Z33447, Z33448, Z33453, Z33457, Z33458, Z33460, Z33461, Z33462, Z33463, Z33464, Z33465, Z33466, Z33467, Z33468, Z33469, Z33470, Z33473, Z33475, Z33477, Z33478, Z33479, Z33480, Z33481, Z33482, Z33483, Z33484, Z33485, Z33486, Z33487, Z33488, Z33489, Z33490, Z33491, Z33492, Z33493, Z33494, Z33495, Z33496, Z33497, Z33498, Z33499, Z33500, Z33501, Z33502, Z33503, Z33504, Z33505, Z33506, Z33507, Z33508, Z33509, Z33510, Z33511, Z33512, Z33513, Z33514, Z33515, Z33516, Z33518, Z33519, Z33520, Z33521, Z33523, Z33524, Z33525, Z33526, Z33527, Z33528, Z33529, Z33531, Z33532, Z33533, Z33534, Z33535, Z33536, Z33537, Z33538, Z33539, Z33540, Z33541, Z33542, Z33543, Z33544, Z33545, Z33546, Z33547, Z33548, Z33549, Z33550, Z33551, Z33552, Z33553, Z33554, Z33555, Z33556, Z33557, Z33558, Z33559, Z33560, Z33561, Z33562, Z33564, Z33565, Z33566, Z33567, Z33568, Z33569, Z33570, Z33571, Z33572, Z33573, Z33574, Z33575, Z33576, Z33577, Z33578, Z33579, Z33580, Z33581, Z33583, Z33584, Z33585, Z33586, Z33587, Z33588, Z33589, Z33590, Z33591, Z33592, Z33593, Z33594, Z33597, Z33598, Z33599, Z33601, Z33602, Z33603, Z33604, Z33605, Z33606, Z33607, Z33608, Z33609, Z33610, Z33611, Z33612, Z33613, Z33614, Z33615, Z33616, Z33617, Z33618, Z33619, Z33620, Z33621, Z33622, Z33624, Z33626, Z33627, Z33628, Z33629, Z33630, Z33631, Z33632, Z33633, Z33634, Z33636, Z33637, Z33638, Z33639, Z33640, Z33641, Z33642, Z33643, Z33644, Z33645, Z33646, Z33648, Z33649, Z33650, Z33651, Z33652, Z33653, Z33654, Z33655, Z33656, Z33658, Z33659, Z33660, Z33662, Z33663, Z33664, Z33665, Z33666, Z33667, Z33668, Z33669, Z33670, Z33671, Z33672, Z33673, Z33674, Z33675, Z33676, Z33677, Z33678, Z33679, Z33680, Z33681, Z33682, Z33683, Z33684, Z33685, Z33686, Z33687, Z33688, Z33689, Z33690, Z33691, Z33692, Z33693, Z33694, Z33696, Z33697, Z33698, Z33700, Z33701, Z33702, Z33703, Z33704, Z33705, Z33706, Z33707, Z33708, Z33709, Z33710, Z33711, Z33712, Z33713, Z33714, Z33715, Z33716, Z33717, Z33719, Z33721, Z33722, Z33723, Z33724, Z33725, Z33726, Z33727, Z33728, Z33729, Z33737, Z33739 to tree on 27 July 2016.
• Added PF5506, B273 to tree; removed L405/PF5990, M1205, P304, P397, P378 not meeting quality guidelines on 28 July 2016.
• Added geographical distribution section; added YFS44737.2, Z41335, Z41336, Z41337, Z41338, Z41339, Z41340, Z41341 to tree; added Karmin & Bergstrom studies to bibliography on 31 July 2016.
• Added Z41349, Z41350, Z41351, Z41352, Z41353, Z41344, Z41345, Z41346, Z41347, Z41348, BY3295, SK1891, SK1892, SK1893, SK1894, SK1895, SK1896, SK1898, SK1899, SK1901, Z33753, Z41356, Z41357, Z41358, Z41359, Z41360, Z41361, Z41362, Z41363, Z41364, Z41365, Z41366, Z41367, Z41368, Z41369, Z41370, Z41371, Z41372, Z41373, Z41374, Z41375, Z41376, Z41377, Z41378. Z41379, Z41380, Z41381, Z41382, Z41383, Z41384, Z41384, Z41385, Z41386, Z41387, Z41388, Z41389, Z41390, Z41391, Z41392, Z41393, Z41394, Z41395, Z41396, Z41397, Z41398, Z41399, Z41400, Z41401, Z41402, Z41403, Z41404, Z41405, Z41406, Z41407, Z41408, Z41409, Z41410, Z41411, Z41412, Z41413, Z41414, Z41415, Z41416, Z41417, Z41418, Z41419, Z41420, Z41421, Z41422, Z41423, Z41424, Z41425, Z41426, Z41427, Z41428, Z41429, Z41430. Z41431, Z41432. Z41433. Z41434, Z41435, Z41436, Z41437, Z41438, Z41439, Z41440, Z41441, Z41442, Z41443, Z41444, Z41445, Z41446, Z41447, Z41448, Z41449, Z41450, Z41451, Z41452, Z41453, Z41454, Z41455, Z41456, Z41457, Z41458, Z41459, Z41460, Z41461, Z41462, Z41463, Z41464. Z41465, Z41466, Z41467, Z41468, Z41469, Z41470, Z41471, Z41472, Z41473, Z41474, Z41475, Z41476, Z41477, Z41478, Z41479, Z41480, Z41481, Z41482, Z41483, Z41484, Z41485, Z41486, Z41487, Z41488, Z41489, Z41490, Z41491, Z41492, Z41493, Z41494, Z41495, Z41496, Z41497, Z41498, Z41499, Z41500, Z41501, Z41502, Z41503, Z41504, Z41355 to tree; added Z41389, Z41454 to tree investigation on 1 August 2016.
• Added Z41505, Z41506, Z41507, Z41508, Z41509 to tree investigation; added Z41513, AM00651.2/Z33118.2, FGC17153.2/V3938.2/Z18210.2, FGC38729, M10072, Z41514, Z41515, Z41516, Z41517, Z41518, Z41519, Z41520, Z41521, Z41522, Z41523, Z41524, Z41525, Z41526, Z41527, Z41528. Z41529, Z41530, Z41531, Z41532, Z41533, Z41534, Z41535, Z41536, Z41537, Z41538, Z41539, Z41540, Z41541, Z41542, Z41543, Z41544, Z41545, Z41546, Z41547, Z41548, Z41549, Z41550, Z41551, Z41552, Z41553, Z41554, Z41555, Z41556, Z41557, Z41558, Z41559, Z41560, Z41561, Z41562, Z41563, Z41564, Z41565, Z41566, Z41567, Z41568, Z41569, Z41570, Z41571, Z41572, Z41573, Z41574, Z41575, Z41576, Z41577, Z41578, Z41579, Z41580, Z41581, Z41582, Z41583, Z41584, Z41585, Z41586, Z41587, Z41588, Z41589, Z41590, Z41591, Z41592, Z41593, Z41594, Z41595, Z41596, Z41597, Z41598, Z41599, Z41600, Z41601, Z41602, Z41603, Z41604, Z41605, Z41606, Z41607, Z41608, Z41609, Z41610, Z41611, Z41512, Z41613, Z41614, Z41615, Z41616, Z41617, Z41618, Z41619, Z41620, Z41621. Z41622, Z41623, Z41624, Z41625, Z41626 to tree on 2 August 2016.
• Added Z41663, P308, Z41664, Z41665, Z41666, Z41667, Z41668, Z41669, Z41670. Z41671, Z41672, Z41673, Z41674, Z41675, Z41676, Z41677, Z41678, Z41679, Z41680, Z41681, Z41682, Z41683, Z41684, Z41685, Z41686, Z41687, Z41688, Z41689, Z41690, Z41691, Z41692, Z41693, Z41694, Z41695, Z41696, Z41697, Z41698, Z41699, Z41700, Z41701. Z41702, Z41703, Z41704. Z41705, Z41706, Z41707, Z41708, Z41709, Z41710, Z41711, Z41712, Z41713, Z41714, Z41715, Z41716, Z41717, Z41718, Z41719, Z41720, Z41721, Z41722, Z41723, Z41724, Z41725, Z41726, Z41727, Z41728, Z41729, Z41730, Z41731, Z41732, Z41733, Z41734, Z41735, Z41736, Z41737, Z41738, Z41739, Z41740, Z41741, Z41742, Z41743, Z41744, Z41745, Z41746, Z41747, Z41763, PR495.2/Y11835.2, Z41764, Z41765, Z41767, Z41768, Z41769, Z41770, Z41771, Z41772, Z41773, Z41774, Z41775, Z41776 to tree; added Z41753, Z41754, Z41755, Z41756, Z41757, Z41758, Z41759, Z41760, Z41761, Z41762, Z41748, Z41749, Z41750, Z41751, Z41752 to tree investigation on 3 August 2016.
• Added Z41777, Z41778, Z41779, Z41780, Z41781, Z41782, Z41783, Z41784, Z41785, Z41786, Z41787, Z41788, Z41789, Z41790, Z41791, Z41792, Z41793, Z41794, Z41795, Z41796, Z41797, Z41798, Z41799, Z41800, Z41801, Z41802, Z41803, Z41804, Z41805, Z41806, Z41807, Z41808, Z41809, Z41810, Z41811, Z41812, Z41813, Z41814, Z41815, Z41816, Z41817, Z41818, Z41819, Z41820, Z41821, Z41822, Z41823, Z41824, Z41825, Z41826, Z41827, Z41828, Z41829, Z41830, Z41831, Z41832, Z41833, Z41834, Z41835, Z41836, Z41837, Z41838, Z41839, Z41840, Z41841, Z41842, Z41843, Z41844, Z41845, Z41846, Z41847, Z41848, Z41849, Z41850, Z41851, Z41852. Z41853, Z41854, Z41855, Z41856, Z41857, Z41858, Z41859, Z41860, Z41861, Z41862, Z41863, Z41864, Z41865, Z41866, Z41867, Z41868, Z41869, Z41870, Z41871, Z41872, Z41873, Z41874, Z41875, Z41876, Z41877, Z41878, Z41879, Z41880, Z41881, Z41882, Z41883, Z41884, Z41885, Z41886, Z41887, Z41888, Z41889, Z41890, Z41891, Z41892, Z41893, Z41894, Z41895, Z41896, Z41897, Z41898, Z41899, Z41900, Z41901, Z41902, Z41903, Z41904, Z41905, Z41906, Z41907, Z41908, Z41908, Z41909, Z41910, Z41911, Z41912, Z41913, Z41914, Z41915, FGC9126, FGC36892, PLE10.2, YP4064, Z41916, Z41917, Z41918, Z41919, Z41920, Z41921, Z41922, Z41923, Z41924, Z41925 to tree on 4 August 2016.
• Added Z41926, Z41927, Z41928, Z41929, Z41930 to tree investigation; added  SK1817, FGC43097.2, SK1806, SK1807, SK1809, SK1810, SK1812, SK1813, SK1814, SK1822,  Z41931, Z41932, Z41933, Z41934, Z41935, Z41936, Z41937, Z41938, Z41939, Z41940, Z41941, Z41942, Z41943, Z41944, Z41945, Z41946, Z41947, Z41948, Z41949, Z41950, Z41951, Z41952, Z41953, Z41954, Z41955, Z41956, Z41957, Z41958, Z41959, Z41960, Z41961, Z41962, Z41963, Z41964, Z41965, Z41966, Z41967, Z41968, Z41969, Z41970, Z41971, Z41972, Z41973, Z41974, Z41975, Z41976, Z41977, Z41978, Z41979, Z41980, Z41981, Z41982, Z41983, Z41984, Z41985, Z41986, Z41987, Z41988, Z41989, Z41990, Z41991, Z41992, Z41993, Z41994, Z41995, Z41996, Z41997, Z41998, Z41999, Z42000, Z42001, Z42002, Z42003, Z42004, Z42005, Z42006, Z42007, Z42008, Z42009, Z42010, Z42011, Z42012, Z42013, Z42014, Z42015, Z42016, Z42017, Z42018, Z42019, Z42020, Z42021, Z42022, Z42023, Z42024, Z42025, Z42026, Z42027, Z42028, Z42029, Z42030, Z42031, Z42032, Z42033, Z42034, Z42035, Z42036, Z42037, Z42038, Z42039, Z42040, Z42041, Z42042, Z42043, Z42044, Z42045, Z42046, Z42047, Z42048, Z42049, Z42050, Z42051, Z42052, Z42053, Z42054, Z42055, Z42056, Z42057, Z42058, Z42059, Z42060, Z42061, Z42062, Z42063, Z42064. Z42065, Z42066, Z42067, Z42068, Z42069, Z42070, Z42071, Z42072, Z42073, Z42074, Z42075, Z42076, Z42077, Z42078, Z42079, Z42080 to tree on 5 August 2016.
• Add Z42146, Z42147, Z42148, Z42149, Z42150, Z42151, Z42152, Z42153, Z42154, Z42155, Z42156, Z42157, Z42158, Z42159, Z42160, Z42161, Z42162, Z42163, Z42164, Z42165, Z42166, Z42167, Z42168, Z42169, Z42170, Z42171, Z42172, Z42173, Z42174, Z42175, Z42176, Z42177, Z42178, Z42179, Z42180, Z42181, Z42182, Z42183, Z42184, Z42185, Z42186, Z42187, Z42188, Z42189, Z42190, Z42191, Z42192, Z42193, Z42194, Z42195, Z42196, Z42197, Z42198, Z42199, Z42200, Z42201, Z42202, Z42203, Z42204, Z42205, Z42206, Z42207, Z42208, Z42209, Z42210, Z42211, Z42212, Z42213, Z42214, Z42215, Z42216, Z42217, Z42218, Z42219, Z42220, Z42221, Z42222, Z42223, Z42224, Z42225, Z422226, Z42227, Z42228, S777,  FGC5054, SK1824, FGC22541.2, SK1821 to tree on 6 August 2016.
• Added Z31109, Z31091, Z31092, Z31199 to tree investigation on 11 August 2016.
• Added Z42413, Z42414, Z42415, Z42416, Z42417, Z42418, Z42419, Z42420 to tree on 28 August 2016.
• Moved most of haplogroup K items to more appropriate classification under haplogroup S on 30 August 2016.
• Changed chromosome position for P256 on 31 August 2016.
  

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