this page no longer in use

Y-DNA Haplogroup L and its Subclades - 2018

The entire work is identified by the Version Number and date given on the Main Page. Directions for citing the document are given at the bottom of the Main Page.

Because of continuing research, the structure of the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree changes and ISOGG does its best to keep the tree updated with the latest developments in the field. The viewer may observe other versions of the tree on the Web. Email Ray Banks if the differences need clarification or if you find any broken links on this page.

The criteria for a representative SNP printed in bold for a subclade is: traditional usage, testing one in multiple labs, and/or being found in the area of the chromosome used in recent research studies.

SNPs listed below in italics (colored black or red) are quality variants from next-generation sequencing reports consistently showing as representing that subgroup.

Contact Person for Haplogroup L: Gareth Henson

L   M20/PF5570,  L656, L855, L863, L878/PF5524, L879/PF5697, L1304, M11, M61/Page43, M185/PF5755, M2356/PF5683, M2358, M2362/PF5692, M2365, M2366, M2368/PF5693, M2369/PF5694, M2370/PF5695, M2379/S10007, M2381, M2382/PF5701, M2382/PF5701, M2390/PF5705, M2403/PF5528, M2404/PF5715, M2407/PF5717, M2411/PF5718, M2413/PF5720, M2426/PF5723, M2444/PF5729, M2453/PF5737, M2454/PF5738, M2457, M2463/PF5743, M2464, M2466/PF5744, M2470, M2472/PF5747, M2479, M2482/PF5750, M2485/PF5754, M2489, M2491, M2492/PF5756, M2495, M2497, M2503, M2504, M2518/PF5767, M2522, M2525/PF5771, M2528, M2530, M2531, M2532/PF5773, M2536/PF5775, M2537, M2541/PF5777, M2548, M2551/PF5783, M2554/PF5785, M2556/PF5787, M2559, M2569/PF5792, M2572/PF5795, M2578/PF5805, M2579/PF5806, M2583, M2587/PF5810, M2594, M2595/PF5813, M2596, M2597/PF5563, M2598/PF5815, M2607/S7544, M2609, M2611/PF5564, M2612, M2613/PF5821, M2615/PF5823, M2619, M2620, M2621, M2624, M2628, M2629, M2633, M2638, M2640/PF5829, M2642, M2644, M2645, M2650, M2655/PF5832, M2657/PF5833, M2660/PF5837, M2661/PF5839, M2670/PF5841, M2675/PF5842, M8987/PF5699, PF5532, PF5539, PF5554, PF5557, PF5583, PF5732, PF5757, PF5779, PF5790, PF5791, PF5802, PF5804, PF5830, PF5835, Y5514, Y5529/Z20172, Y5530/Z20173, Y5564/Z20190, Z20117
L~ FGC11566, M2363, M2456, M2474, M2500, M2526/PF5772, M2527, M2552, M2564, M2584/PF5560, M2612, M2637/PF5827, M2646,  M2652, M2680, PF5790, Y5542/Z20116, Y5553/Z20165, Z20055, Z20116, Z20164, Z20192
• L1   M22, L1304, M295, Page121
• L1~ CTS2285/M2465, M2374, M2383, M2384, M2386, M2389/PF5703, M2391, M2392, M2394, M2395/PF5710, M2399, M2405, M2406, M2409, M2416, M2418, M2419, M2420, M2421, M2427/PF1963/Z1075, M2430/PF5725, M2435/PF5726, M2437, M2438, M2445, M2460, M2462, M2468, M2471, M2490, M2494, M2496, M2517, M2543, M2544, M2545, M2546, M2560, M2568, M2576, M2586, M2593, M2600, M2602, M2614, M2617, M2631, M2635, M2639, M2665,  M2666, M2668/PF5840, M2673, M2676, SK1410/Y5528/Z21069, Y5517/Z20124,  Y5520/Z20128, Y5522/Z20156, Y5523/Z21057, Y5524/Z20161, Y5534/Z20201, Y5537/Z20202, Y5545/Z20129, Y5546/Z21058, Y5555/Z20166, Y6264/Z20194, Z20130, Z21036, Z20138, Z20139, Z20140, Z20141, Z20153, Z20154, Z20155
• • L1a   M2481, M2565, M2605, M2664, Y5525/Z20163, Y5560/Z20168
• • L1a~ M2357, M2375, M2401, M2480, M2498, M2555, M2623, SK1417/Y5544, SK118/Y5565, Z20132, Z20135, Z20170
• • • L1a1   M27, F11470/Z20390, M76, P329, L1319, L1320, L1321, SK1423, SK1419/Z20362. SK1420/Z20446, SK1421/Z20361, SK1422/Z20416, Z8046, Z8047, Z8049, Z8050, Z20336, Z20354, Z20355, Z20356, Z20357. Z20358^, Z20359, Z20360, Z20363, Z20464, Z20365, Z20367, Z20368, Z20369^, Z20370, Z20371, Z20372, Z20373^, Z20376, Z20378, Z20379, Z20380, Z20382, Z20383, Z20384, Z20385, Z20387, Z20388, Z20389, Z20391, Z20392, Z20393, Z20394, Z20397, Z20398, Z20399. Z20400, Z20401, Z20403, Z20405, Z20406, Z20407, Z20410, Z20411, Z20412, Z20413, Z20414, Z20415, Z20418, Z20419, Z20422, Z20424, Z20425, Z20426, Z20427, Z20428, Z20433, Z20434, Z20435, Z20436, Z20437, Z20438, Z20439, Z20440, Z20441, Z20442, Z20443, Z20444, Z20445, Z20448, Z20449, Z20450, Z20452, Z24638.2
• • • L1a1~ Z8048, Z20402, Z20429
• • • • L1a1a  Z20458, Z20462, Z20463, Z20464, Z20465, Z20466, Z20468, Z20469, Z20470, Z20472
• • • • L1a1a~ Z20457
• • • • • L1a1a1~ Z34426, Z34427, Z34428, Z34429, Z34430
• • • • • L1a1a2  Z20475, Z20476, Z20477, Z20483, Z20484, Z20479, Z20480, Z20481, Z20482
• • • • • L1a1a2~ Z5925, Z20478
• • • • • • L1a1a2a~  Z42477, Z42478, Z42479, Z42481
• • • • • • L1a1a2b~  Z42482, Z42483, Z42484, Z42485, Z42486
• • • • L1a1b  Z5926, SK1426/Z20512, Z20492, Z20493, Z20496, Z20498, Z20499, Z20502, Z20503, Z20504, Z20506, Z20507, Z20508, Z20509
• • • • L1a1b~ Z20497, Z20505
• • • • • L1a1b1  Z20519^
• • • • • L1a1b1~ M3904
• • • • • • L1a1b1a~ Z34406. Z34408, Z34409. Z34410
• • • • • • L1a1b1b~ Z34411. Z34412, Z34413. Z34414, Z34415
• • • • • L1a1b2  Z20520, Z20521, Z20522
• • • • • • L1a1b2a  Z5929
• • • • • • • L1a1b2a1~ Z34379, Z34381, Z34382
• • • • • • • L1a1b2a2~ Z34383, Z34384, Z34385, Z34387
• • • • • • L1a1b2ab~ Z34467, Z34468, Z34470, Z34471 
• • • • • L1a1b3  Z5930
• • • • • • L1a1b3a  Z5931
• • • • • • • L1a1b3a1  Z5933
• • • • • • • • L1a1b3a1a  Z5934
• • • • • • • • • L1a1b3a1a1  Z20500
• • • • • • • • • • L1a1b3a1a1a~ Z34416, Z34419, Z42487, Z42488 
• • • • • • • • • • L1a1b3a1a1b~ Z34425, Z42489, Z42490, Z42491
• • • • • • • • • L1a1b3a1a2  Z8033, Z20527, Z20528
• • • • • • • • • • L1a1b3a1a2a  Z5937, Z20535, Z20537, Z20539, Z20540, Z20542, Z20544, Z20545, Z20547, Z20548, Z20550
• • • • • • • • • • L1a1b3a1a12a~ Z20541, Z20546, Z20549, Z20552
• • • • • • • • • • • L1a1b3a1a2a1   Z5938, A6402.2/JFS00004.2/Z20559.2, Z8034, Z20558, Z20561, Z20562, Z20563^, Z20564, Z20565
• • • • • • • • • • • • L1a1b3a1a12a1a~ Z39168.2, Z38449
• • • • • • • • • • • • L1a1b3a1a12a1b~ Z38450, Z38452, Z38453, Z34113
• • • • • • • • • • • L1a1b3a1a12a2~ Z34122, Z34125, Z42492, Z42493
• • • • • • • • • • L1a1b3a1a12b~ Z34479, Z34481, Z34482, Z42494, Z42495
• • • • • • • • L1a1b3a1b~  Z34368, Z34369, Z42496, Z42497, Z42498
• • • • • • • L1a1b3a2   Z20568
• • • • • • • L1a1b3a2~ Z5932
• • • • • • • • L1a1b3a2a~ Z42499, Z42500, Z42501, Z42502, Z42503
• • • • • • • • L1a1b3a2b~ Z34132, Z42504, Z42505, Z42506, Z42507
• • • • • • • • L1a1b3a2c~ Z34136, Z42508, Z42509, Z42510, Z42511
• • • • • • L1a1b3b SK1428, Z34370, Z34371, Z34372
• • • • • • L1a1b3c FGC18043/SK1433, Y17158
• • • • • • • L1a1b3c1  Z34402, Z34403, Z34404, Z42512, Z42513 
• • • • L1a1c~ F3987
• • • • L1a1d~ CTS12086
• • • L1a2   M357, L1307^^, M2355^, M2360, M2361, M2364^, M2367^, M2371, M2380, M2393, M2402^, M2412^, M2424^, M2429, M2432, M2439^, M2441^, M2451, M2461^, M2469, M2475^, M2476, M2507, M2523, M2524, M2533^, M2535^, M2540, M2549^, M2557, M2558, M2561^, M2574^, M2575, M2581, M2592^/PR2941^, M2601^, M2606^, M2608^, M2618, M2627, M2630^, M2632^, M2653, M2659, M2662^, Z2662, M5710, SK1446/Y5518, SK1447/Y5559/Z20251, Y5526^/Z20246^, Y5515^/Z20229^, Y5527/Z20248, Y5531^/Z20252^, Y5548^/Z20240^, Y5551/Z20243, Y5552^/Z20244^, Y5554^/Z20247^, Y5556/Z20249, Y5558^/Z20250^, Y5567/Z20256, Y12414^/Z20263^, Z20228^, Z20230^, Z20233^, Z20236, Z20238^, Z20241, Z20262^
• • • L1a2~ M2387
• • • • L1a2a  M2398, Y12415/Z20266, Z5919
• • • • • L1a2a1  Z5920, Y12416/Z20271, Y12417/Z20273, Y12890/Z20274, Z20276
• • • • • • L1a2a1a  Z20284, Z5921^, Z20282^, Z20283^, Z20285, Z20286^, Z20287^, Z20288^, Z20291^, Z20292^, Z20293^, Z20294^, Z20295^, Z20296^, Z20297, Z20298^, Z20299^, Z20302^, Z20303, Z20304^, Z20305, Z2388.3^
• • • • • • • L1a2a1a1  Z8030, Z20306
• • • • • • • • L1a2a1a1a  Z5923, S24402, Z20309, Z20309^, Z20310, Z20311, Z20312, Z20313, Z20314, Z20315, Z20317, Z20319^, Z20320^, Z20321^, Z20322^, Z20323^, Z20324, Z20325^, Z20326, Z20327, Z20328, Z20329, Z20330^, Z20333, Z20335
• • • • • • • • • L1a2a1a1a1~ Z34393, Z34394, Z34395, Z34396
• • • • • • • • • L1a2a1a1a2~ Z34397, Z34398, Z34400
• • • • • • • • L1a2a1a1b~ Z34475, Z34476, Z34478, Z42525, Z42526
• • • • • • • L1a2a1a2~  Z34373, Z34374, Z34375, Z34376, Z34377
• • • • • • L1a2a1b~ Y12419, Y17951 
• • • • • • • L1a2a1b1~ CTS1018/M5840, Z34483, Z34484, Z34485, Z34486
• • • • • • • L1a2a1b2~ FGC40759, FGC40771, SK1454, SK1455, Y17950, Y17952, Y17953, Y17954, Y17955, Y17957, Y17958, Y17959, Y17960, Y17961, Y17962, Y17963, Y17965, Y17966, Y17967, Y17968, Y18179, Y18181, Y18182, Y18183, Y18185, Y18186, Y18187, Y18188, Y18189, Y18190, Y18191, Y18193, Y18194, Y18195, Y18196, Y18197, Y18198, Y20047
• • • • • • • • L1a2a1b2a~ Y17956, Y18180, Y18178, Y18184, Y18192, Y20048
• • • • • L1a2a2~  Z34463, Z34465, Z34466, Z42523, Z42524
• • • • L1a2b~ FGC32285/Y6288
• • • • • L1a2b1~ FGC32252/Y6250, FGC32253/Y6251, FGC32255/Y6252, FGC32257/Y6270, FGC32262/Y6256, FGC32264/Y6272, FGC32265/Y6273, FGC32268/Y6274, FGC32269/Y6276, FGC32270/Y6277, FGC32272/Y6279, FGC32276/Y6259, FGC32279/Y6282, FGC32280/Y6283, FGC32281/Y6260, FGC32282/Y6284, FGC32284/Y6286, FGC32287/Y6289, FGC32292/Y6291, FGC32294/Y6293,  FGC32296/Y6295, FGC32297/Y6296, PH2254/Y11220, Y6285, Y13388, Y19628, Y20208
• • • • • • L1a2b1a~ FGC32248, FGC32250, FGC32254, FGC32256, FGC32260, FGC32263, FGC32266, FGC32267, FGC32271, FGC32273, FGC32274, FGC32278, FGC32283, FGC32286, FGC32288, FGC32291, FGC32293, FGC32295, Y20686, Z6953
• • • • • • L1a2b1b~ FGC23830/Y6287, Y6246, Y6247, Y6253, Y6254, Y6255, Y6261, Y6265, Y6266, Y6267, Y6268, Y6269, Y6271, Y6275, Y6278, Y6281, Y6292, Y6294, Y19630, Y20206
• • • • • • • L1a2b1b1~ Y6257, Y6258, Y6268, Y6290, Y19627
• • • • • • • • L1a2b1b1a~ Y19629, Y19631
• • • • L1a2c~ F2419.2/PF3400.2
• • L1b   FGC36877/M317, L655, PH982, PH1071, PH1379, PH2312, PH2342, PH3435, PH3443, PH3615, PH3912, PH4035, PH4159, PH4188, SK1413
• • • L1b1   M349, Page113
• • • • L1b1a   Page116
• • • • L1b1b~ B374, Z34118, Z34120, Z34121
• • • • L1b1c~ B373, Z34114, Z34115, Z34116, Z42527, Z42528
• • • • L1b1d~ AM00711.2/F2544.2
• • • L1b2   SK1412
• • • • L1b2a~ M274, SK1415, SK1416
• • • • L1b2b~ PH8, PH108, PH612, PH997, PH1060, PH1371, PH1428, PH1520, PH1844, PH2124, PH2161, PH2832, PH2952, PH3298, PH3524, PH4160, PH4366.1, PH4489, PH4587
• • • • • L1b2b1~ PH2079
• • • • • • L1b2b1a~ PH1714, PH3523
• • • • • L1b2b2~ PH1099, PH3342
• • • • • • L1b2b2a~ PH1728
• • • • • • L1b2b2b~ Y18889, Y18890
• • • • L1b2c~ SK1414
• • • L1b3~ CTS7154.2/M5226.2/PF1724.2
• • • • L1b3a~ CTS3080/S1565/V2529
• L2   L595, L877/PF5780, Page6/PF5751
• L2~ L865, L868, L869, L870, PF5533, PF5538, PF5540, PF5551, PF5553, PF5569, PF5573, PF5577, PF5579, PF5585, PF5682, PF5684, PF5685, PF5691, PF5696, PF5698, PF5700, PF5706, PF5708, PF5711, PF5713/M11114/V1591, PF5716, PF5721, PF5722, PF5730, PF5731, PF5739, PF5740/Z20586, PF5741, PF5742, PF5746, PF5748, PF5749, PF5752, PF5753, PF5758, PF5759, PF5760, PF5761, PF5762, PF5763, PF5764, PF5765/S7336, PF5766, PF5768, PF5769, PF5770, PF5774, PF5776, PF5778, PF5782, PF5784, PF5786, PF5788, PF5789, PF5796, PF5797, PF5798, PF5799, PF5800, PF5803, PF5807, PF5808, PF5809, PF5811, PF5812, PF5817, PF5818, PF5819, PF5820, PF5822, PF5824, PF5825, PF5826, PF5828, PF5831, PF5834, PF5836, PF5838, PF5843, Z991, Z20571, Z20572, Z20573, Z20574, Z20575, Z20576, Z20577, Z20578, Z20579, Z20581, Z20582, Z20583, Z20584, Z20585, Z20587, Z20588, Z20589, Z20590, Z20591, Z20592, Z20593, Z20594, Z20595, Z20596, Z20597, Z20598, Z20599, Z20600, Z20601, Z20602, Z20603, Z20604, Z20605, Z20606, Z20607, Z20608, Z20609, Z20610, Z20611/YP914, Z20612, Z20613, Z20614, Z20615, Z20616, Z20617, Z20618, Z20619, Z20620, Z20621, Z20622, Z20623, Z20624, Z20625, Z20626, Z20627, Z20628, Z20629, Z20630, Z20631, Z20632, Z20635, Z20636, Z20637, Z20638, Z20639, Z20640, Z20641, Z20643, Z20644, Z20645

Y-DNA haplogroup L is found at low frequencies in the Middle East and Europe as paragroup L-M317 (L1b*, originally L2*), subgroup L-M349 (L1b1, originally L2a) and subgroup L-L595 (L2), and at significant frequencies in South Asia as subgroups L-M27 (L1a1, formerly L1a and originally L1) and L-M357 (L1a2, formerly L1c and originally L3).

NOTES:

• M22 and M295 were considered equivalent to M11, M20, M61 and M185 in previous versions of the tree. In May 2011 a small group of members of the Y-Haplogroup L Project were found to be negative for all known subgroup SNPs of L and in addition M295- despite being M20+ and/or M61+. Further testing has confirmed that M22 is also negative in this group. The tree has been revised to reflect this discovery. A new SNP L595 has been discovered in a member of the M22- M295- group and has been confirmed in a second member. This SNP therefore designates a new subclade: L2. Several new SNPs have been discovered in L2 and are being investigated.
• Identical SNPs that were discovered separately are listed in alphabetical order, not necessarily in the order of discovery, and separated by "/". Example: M61/Page43.
• Items recurrent or volatile: L147.4, L193.2/S176.2.
• Mutations previously on tree but found so far only in one man or in closely related men:
• PK3 is downstream of M357. Listed 6 August 2012.
• L1305, L1306 are found at approximately M357. Listed 6 January 2016.
• L864, L865, L866, L867, L868, L869, L870 are found at approximately L595. Listed 6 January 2016.
• L1318 is found at approximately M27. Listed 6 January 2016.

Geographic distribution so far of ancestry of modern-day haplogroup L subgroup men (not complete):

References:

Balanovsky et al, Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 13 May 2011.
Behar et al, Contrasting Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and Host Non-Jewish European Populations. (pdf) Hum Genet 114:354-365, 2004.
Behar et al, Genome-Wide Structure of the Jewish People. Nature, 446:238-42, 2010.
Cinnioglu et al, Excavating Y-chromosome Haplotype Strata in Anatolia. (pdf) Human Genetics. 114:127-148, 2004.
Cruciani et al, A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes. American Journal of Human Genetics, 70:1197-1214, 2002.
Deng et al, Evolution and Migration History of the Chinese Population Inferred from the Chinese Y-chromosome Evidence. (pdf) Journal of Human Genetics, 49:339-348, 2004.
Francalacci et al, Low-Pass DNA Sequencing of 1200 Sardinians Reconstructs European Y-Chromosome Phylogeny. Science: Vol. 341 no. 6145, pp. 565-569, DOI: 10.1126/science.1237947, 2 August 2013.
Hallast et al, The Y-chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades, Molecular Biology and Evolution, doi: 10.1093/molbev/msu327, 2014.
Karafet et al, New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree. Abstract. Genome Research, published online April 2, 2008. Supplementary Material.
Karafet et al, Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 69:615-628, 2001.
Karmin et al, A Recent Bottleneck of Y chromosome Diversity Coincides with a Global Change in Culture. Genome Research, doi: 10.1101/gr.186684.114, published online March 13, 2015.
Kivisild et al, The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists in Both Indian Tribal and Caste Populations. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 72:313-332, 2003.
Mohyuddin et al, Detection of novel Y SNPs Provides Further Insights into Y chromosomal Variation in Pakistan. Journal of Human Genetics, 2006.
Regueiro et al, Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration. (abstract) Human Heredity, Vol. 61, No 3, 132-143, 2006.
Sengupta et al, Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y-chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221, 2006.
Shen et al, Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli Populations from Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation. (pdf) Human Mutation, 24:248-260, 2004.
Thangaraj et al, Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population. (pdf) Current Biology, 13:86-93, 2003.
Zhao et al, Presence of Three Different Paternal Lineages among North Indians: A Study of 560 Y Chromosomes. (abstract) Annals of Human Biology, 36(1):46-59, 2009.

A limited number of qualifying investigative items here appear only in the public Y trees of Family Tree DNA and/or YFull.

Additional Resources:
ISOGG Wiki - What you need to know about Genetic Genealogy.
The Y-Haplogroup L Project, Gareth Henson, Peter Hrechdakian.

Corrections/Additions made since 1 January 2018:

• None 
  
  

Back to Main Page Back to Y-DNA Tree Trunk Back to SNP Index Back to Papers/Presentations Cited Back to Glossary Back to Listing Criteria Copyright 2018. International Society of Genetic Genealogy. All Rights Reserved.