Page Actions

Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)

From ISOGG Wiki

Haplogroup R1b (R-M343) is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe and the most common haplogroup in the genetic genealogy databases. R1b1a2 (R-M269) is the dominant branch of R1b in Western Europe.

When you take a standard Y-chromosome DNA test with a company such as Family Tree DNA you will be given a base haplogroup assignment such as R1b1a2 (R-M269). It is necessary to order additional SNP testing to confirm which subclade of R1b you belong to. It is sometimes possible to predict the R1b subclade from a 67-marker Y-STR haplotype. If the participant has close matches at 67 markers the prediction can sometimes be informed by the SNP status of his matches. If the subclade can be predicted with reasonable confidence then single SNP testing can be ordered from Family Tree DNA's à la carte SNP menu. Otherwise it is necessary to order a full SNP test for confirmation of your SNP status. SNP status can also be confirmed with the 23andMe test though this incorporates a much smaller range of Y-SNPs and will not provide such a detailed haplogroup assignment.

As a result of the rapid population expansion in the last 4000-5000 years some of the lineages within R1b1a2 have experienced convergence of STR vlaues. As part of the random mutation process more distant lineages have moved closer together producing coincidental matching haplotypes. If you have a lot of matches with different surnames SNP testing is recommended to eliminate such coincidental matches. If two men are in different subclades of R1b they will be on different sub-branches of the Y-SNP tree and will not share a common ancestor within a genealogical timeframe. In some cases private SNPs have been found which have arisen within the last 500 years or so which are restricted to a single surname and its related Y-line genetic families. SNP testing will become increasingly important in surname DNA projects in the years to come. SNP testing is also of great interest for those who wish to learn more about the origins of their surname and their deep ancestry in an anthropological timeframe.

R1b projects

All R1b men are encouraged in the first instance to join the R1b and subclades project which serves as a gateway for R1b. The administrators will be able to advise on the appropriate SNP testing and when testing has been completed will place you in the appropriate subclade project. See the Wiki page on Y-DNA haplogroup projects for a full list of R1b projects.

For advice on SNP testing you can also join the R1b Yahoo mailing list where you can see a map showing the phylogenetic tree of R1b and its subclades.

P312 or U106?

The two dominant subclades of L11 are P312 and U106 but it is often difficult to differentiate between these two subclades, especially from a 37-marker haplotype. The dominant Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype is found in both P312 and U106.

In November 2012 Tim Janzen analysed a file of 1089 SNP-tested R-U106 haplotypes and 701 SNP-tested R-P312 haplotypes. He found that the modal (most common) allele values at 37 markers were the same for both R-U106 and R-P312 with the exception of these markers: DYS390, DYS576 and CDYa.[1] Below are the modal values for those three markers for each subclade:

Haplogroup DYS390 DYS576 CDYa
R-U106 23 17 37
R-P312 24 18 36

Below are the frequencies of each allele value for these three markers expressed as percentages:

Haplogroup Locus Count 21 22 23 24 25 26
R-P312 DYS390 701 0.3 1.0 10.4 73.0 14.4 0.86
R-U106 DYS390 1089 0.09 3.1 54.8 32.5 8.6 0.83
Haplogroup Locus Count 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
R-P312 DYS576 701 0 0.47 4.81 23.6 40.5 19.7 8.5 2.0 0.31
R-U106 DYS576 1089 0.1 1.2 12.0 43.0 30.2 10.2 3.0 0.3 0
Haplogroup Locus Count 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
R-P312 CDYa 701 0 0.15 1.2 5.1 15.7 30.5 26.2 12.4 7.4 1.3
R-U106 CDYa 1089 0.1 0.4 0.6 3.7 13.3 30.9 33.2 15.1 2.6 0

Note, however, that CDYa is a rapidly mutating marker, so it isn't a great marker for predicting a haplogroup. Mike Maddi cautions that "The figures for DYS390 are deceptive. Although a majority of all men who are U106+ have a count of 23 or less at DYS390, this is mainly due to one subclade of R1b-U106 - R1b-L48. Also, another smaller subclade of R1b-U106 (R1b-U198) also has DYS390=23 as its modal. However, all the other subclades of R1b-U106 have the same modal as R1b-P312 and its subclades, DYS390=24. Since R1b-L48 and R1b-U198 probably represent about 50% of R1b-U106 men, they skew the results of the table Tim presented above to make it seem that DYS390=23 is the modal for all R1b-U106."

DYS492, which is found in Family Tree DNA's 38-67 marker panel, is a good predictor for U106 status. Mike Maddi reports that over 90% of the men in the R1b-U106 project have DYS492=13, but the very strong modal (well over 90%) of R1b-P312 and its subclades is DYS492=12.[1]

Tim Janzen has provided the frequencies of each allele value for DYS492 expressed as percentages to supplement Maddi's comments:[1]

Haplogroup Locus Count 10 11 12 13 14 15
R-P312 DYS492 701 0 1.17 95.10 1.95 1.76 0
R-U106 DYS492 1089 0.12 0 0.95 96.00 2.85 0.12

P312 and subclades

R-P312 (phylogenetic name, R1b1a2a1a2) is one of two predominant branches of R1b in Europe. (The other is R1b1a2a1a1 or R-U106 below.) P312 is also known as (AKA) S116

P312 shows great diversity and appears to be about twice as frequent as U106 in the British Isles. Its subclades include:

  • DF27, AKA S250
  • U152, AKA PF6570 & S28
  • L21, AKA M529 & S145, with associated L459 & S461/Z290. Alex Williamson has prepared a draft phylogenetic tree of L21 which can be found here
  • L238, AKA S182
  • DF19, AKA S232
  • DF99, AKA S11987

Each of these also has further downstream SNPs which have been identified.

U106 and subclades

The U106/S21 SNP was first discovered in 2005.[2] The SNP was first offered for testing as S21 in August 2005 by Ethnoancestry (now BritainsDNA).[3] It was later offered for testing by Family Tree DNA as U106, the name by which it is now more familiarly known. Everyone who has tested positive for U106/S21 is encouraged to join the U106/S21 project. For general advice and discussions on U106/S21 join the U106/S21 Yahoo mailing list.

The official U106 SNP tree is maintained by Raymond Wing and can be seen here.

For an overview of U106 and its geographical spread see the reports from Iain MacDonald on his Recent human genetic anthropology website.

Z12

U106>L48>Z9>Z30>Z2>Z7>Z8>Z11>Z12
Founder estimate: 1400-1500 years before present
Z12 is found in one branch of the Anglo-Norman surname Cruwys (variants Cruse, Cruise, Crewes, Crews). The surnames Cruwys, Cruse and Crewes are all found in the south-west of England with Crewes found mostly in Cornwall and Cruwys in Devon. The Cruise surname is found predominantly in Ireland. Z12 has also been found in an American Raney whose line is thought to be descended from the Cruses of Mississippi through a non-paternity event. Z12 has also been found in America in a Taylor with reported origins in Herefordshire, a Morlan from Illinois and a Stevens from Maryland. L148 is a private SNP (founder estimate: 575+ ybp) which has so far only been found in America in the surnames Wade, Mitchell, Crisps and Cripps. The Cripps surname is thought to originate in Bampton, Oxfordshire.

Z18

U106>Z18

Z326

U106>L48>Z9>Z331>Z326
Founder estimate: 3000 years before present
Z326+ or L48+/null 425 (also known as the "null 425 cluster") was first identified by the late Leo Little who estimated its age at around 2-3,000 years. Michael Maddi now estimates the age at around 3,000 years. He maintains a map showing the known European ancestral locations of all men who have tested Z326+ or who are L48+/null 425. The map can be found here. For information about nulls see the Wiki article null value which includes a link to the Null 425 Project.

R1b resources

R1b trees

Further reading

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype Discussion thread on the Rootsweb Genealogy DNA mailing list, November 2012.
  2. David Faux. R1b SNPs - S-series and U-series equivalencies. Message on the Genealogy DNA mailing list dated 6 December 2006.
  3. David Faux. New R1b SNP Available Message on the Genealogy DNA mailing list dated 5 August 2005.