D   M174, 021355
�       D*   -
�       D1   M15
�      �       D1*   -
�      �       D1a   N1
�      �       �       D1a*   -
�      �       �       D1a1   N2
�       D2   M55, M57, M64.1, M179, M359.1/P41.1, P37.1, P190, 12f2.2
�      �       D2*   -
�      �       D2a   M116.1
�      �       �       D2a*   -
�      �       �       D2a1   M125
�      �       �      �       D2a1*   -
�      �       �      �       D2a1a   P42
�      �       �      �      �       D2a1a*   -
�      �       �      �      �       D2a1a1   P12   (formerly in D2)
�      �       �      �       D2a1b   022457
�      �       �      �      �       D2a1b*   -
�      �       �      �      �       D2a1b1   P53.2   (formerly D2a1b)
�      �       �       D2a2   M151
�      �       �       D2a3   P120
�       D3   P99
�      �       D3*   -
�      �       D3a   P47   (formerly D3)

NOTES:

• Private SNP N3 not placed on tree.
• Identical SNPs that were discovered separately are listed in alphabetical order, not necessarily in the order of discovery, and separated by "/". Examples: M359.1/P41.1.
• The numbered SNPS 021355 and 022457are the short-form notation for IMS-JST021355 and IMS-JST022457.

Y-DNA haplogroup D is seen primarily in Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and in Japan and was established approximately 50,000 years ago. Sub-group D1 (D-M15) is seen in Tibet, Mongolia, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia, and the sub-groups D* (D-M174) and D3 (D-P47) are seen in Central Asia. The sub-group D2 (D-M55) is seen almost exclusively in Japan. The high frequency of haplogroup D in Tibet (about 50%) and in Japan (about 35%) implies some early migratory connection between these areas. Examination of the genetic diversity seen in sub-group D2 in Japan implies that this group has been isolated in Japan for between 12,000-20,000 years. The highest frequencies of D2 in Japan are seen among the Ainu and the Ryukyuans.

An isolated incidence of haplogroup D has also been seen in the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean. This implies that the group may once have had a much greater range, but has subsequently been displaced by more recent population events.

References:

Cruciani et al, A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 70:1197-1214, 2002.
Cruciani et al, Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out of Africa. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 74:1014-1022, 2004.
Deng et al, Evolution and Migration History of the Chinese Population Inferred from the Chinese Y-chromosome Evidence. (pdf) Journal of Human Genetics, 49:339-348, 2004.
Gayden et al, The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow. American Journal of Human Genetics, 80(5):884-894, 2007.
Hammer et al, Dual Origins of the Japanese: Common Ground for Hunter-gatherer and Farmer Y Chromosomes. (abstract) Journal of Human Genetics, 51:47-58, 2006.
Karafet et al, New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree. Abstract. Genome Research, published online April 2, 2008. Supplementary Material.
Karafet et al, Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 69:615-628, 2001.
Nonaka et al, Y Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms. (abstract) Annals of Human Genetics, 71:480-495, 2007.
Sengupta et al, Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y-chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221, 2006.
Shi et al, Y-Chromosome Evidence of Earliest Modern Human Settlement in East Asia and Multiple Origins of Tibetan and Japanese Populations. (abstract) BMC Biology 2008, 6:45, 2008.
Su et al, Y-chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age, (pdf), American Journal of Human Genetics, 65:1718-1724, 1999.
Thangaraj et al, Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population. (pdf) Current Biology, 13:86-93, 2003.

Corrections/Additions made since 31 December 2007:

• Added Karafet et al (2008) on 4 May 2008.
• N1 and N2 were previously referenced in Notes and were placed on tree on 4 May 2008.
• P12, P53.2 and P99 moved to new subclades on 4 May 2008 and P53.2 no longer categorized as provisional.
• New snps added on 4 May 2008: 021355 (IMS-JST021355), 022457 (IMS-JST022457), P99, P120, P190, N1.
• Paragraph one of the Haplogroup description was revised on 4 May 2008.
• Charles Moore added as a Contact Person on 4 May 2008.
• Nonaka et al (2007) added on 5 May 2008.
• Added Gayden et al (2007) and Shi et al (2008) on 24 December 2008.

Contact People for Haplogroup D: Charles Moore and Alice Fairhurst

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