ISOGG 2010 Y-DNA Haplogroup I

Y-DNA Haplogroup I and its Subclades - 2010
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Version History Last revision date for this specific page: 28 October 2010
Because of continuing research, the structure of the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree changes and ISOGG does its best to keep the tree updated with the latest developments in the field. The viewer may observe other versions of the tree on the Web. Email Alice Fairhurst if the differences need clarification or if you find any broken links on this page.

LINKS: Main Page Y-DNA Tree Trunk SNP Index Papers/Presentations Cited Glossary Listing Criteria

CLADE/SUBCLADE SYMBOLS: Added Redefined

SNP SYMBOLS: Not on 2009 tree Confirmed within subclade Provisional Private

I   L41, M170, M258, P19, P38, P212, U179
�       I*    - (unobserved)
�      ; I1   L75, L80, L81, L118, L121, L123, L125, M253, M307.2/P203.2, M450/S109, P30, P40, L121/S62, S63, L124/S64, L125/S65, S66, S107, S108, S110, S111
�      �       I1*   -
�      �       I1a   M21    (probably private)
�      �       I1b   M227
�      �       �       I1b*   -
�      �       �       I1b1   M72
�      �       I1c   P259    (probably private, location with respect to L22/S142 is uncertain)
�      �       I1d   L22/S142
�      �       �       I1d*   -
�      �       �       I1d1   P109
�      �       I1e   S79    (probably private, confirmed within I1, but exact location is uncertain)
�       I2   L68, M438/P215/S31
�      �       I2*   -
�      �       I2a   P37.2
�      �       �       I2a*   -
�      �       �       I2a1   L158, L159, M26
�      �       �      �       I2a1*   -
�      �       �      �       I2a1a   L160
�      �       �      �       �       I2a1a*   -
�      �       �      �       �       I2a1a1   M161   (possibly private)
�      �       �       I2a2   L178, M423
�      �       �      �       I2a2*   -   (unobserved)
�      �       �      �       I2a2a   L69.2(=T)/S163.2   (See Notes)
�      �       �      �       �       I2a2a1   P41.2/M359.2
�      �       �      �       I2a2b   L161
�      �       �       I2a3   L233
�      �       I2b   L35, L37, M436/P214/S33, P216/S30, P217/S23, P218/S32
�      �       �       I2b*   -
�      �       �       I2b1   L34, L36, L59, M223, P219/S24, P220/S119, P221/S120, P222/U250/S118, P223/S117
�      �       �      �       I2b1*   -
�      �       �      �       I2b1a   M284
�      �       �      �       �       I2b1a1   L126/S165, L137/S166
�      �       �      �       I2b1b   M379
�      �       �      �       I2b1c   P78
�      �       �      �       I2b1d   P95
�      �       �       I2b2   L38/S154, L39/S155, L40/S156, L65.1/S159.1

Notes

Identical SNPs that were discovered separately are listed in alphabetical order, not necessarily in the order of discovery, and separated by "/". Examples: M307.1/P203.1, M450/S109, M438/P215, P41.2/M359.2, M436/P214/S33, P222/U250, L126/S165, L137/S166, L38/S154, L39/S155, L40/S156, and L65/S159.
Thanks to Ken Nordtvedt, Natalie Myres, and Jim Wilson for their consultation on Haplogroup I.
L69.2(=T)/S163.2 appears in Haplogroup I. L69/S163 appears in multiple locations.

Y-DNA haplogroup I is a European haplogroup, representing nearly one-fifth of the population. It is almost non-existent outside of Europe, suggesting that it arose in Europe. Estimates of the age of haplogroup I suggest that it arose prior to the last Glacial Maximum.

The two main subgroups of haplogroup I likely divided approximately 28,000 years ago:

I1-M253 et al has highest frequency in Scandinavia, Iceland, and northwest Europe. In Britain, haplogroup I1-M253 et al is often used as a marker for "invaders," Viking or Anglo-Saxon. The I1b-M227 subclade is concentrated in eastern Europe and the Balkans and appears to have arisen in the last one thousand to five thousand years. It has been reported in Germany, Czech Republic, Poland, Estonia, Ukraine, Switzerland, Slovenia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Croatia, and Lebanon.

I2-M438 et al includes I2* which shows some membership from Armenia, Georgia and Turkey; I2a-P37.2, which is the most common form in the Balkans and Sardinia. I2a1-M26 is especially prevalent in Sardinia. I2b-M436 et al reaches its highest frequency along the northwest coast of continental Europe. I2b1-M223 et al occurs in Britain and northwest continental Europe. I2b1a-M284 occurs almost exclusively in Britain, so it apparently originated there and has probably been present for thousands of years.

References:

Athey et al, Resolving the Placement of Haplogroup I-M223 in the Y-chromosome Phylogenetic Tree. (pdf) Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 1:54-55, 2005.
Cinnioglu et al, Excavating Y-chromosome Haplotype Strata in Anatolia. (pdf) Human Genetics. 114:127-148, 2004.
Karafet et al, New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree. Abstract. Genome Research, published online April 2, 2008. Supplementary Material.
Rootsi et al, Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow In Europe. American Journal of Human Genetics, 75:128-137, 2004.
Scheinfeldt et al, Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia. (Link and comments from Dienekes' Anthropological Blog) Society for Molecular Biology, 2006.
Sims et al, Sub-Populations Within the Major European and African Derived Haplogroups R1b3 and E3a Are Differentiated by Previously Phylogenetically Undefined Y-SNPs. Human Mutation: Mutation in Brief #940, Online, 2007.
Underhill et al, New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory. in Rethinking the Human Evolution, Mellars P, Boyle K, Bar-Yosef O, Stringer C, Eds. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK, pp. 33-42, 2007b.
Underhill et al, The Phylogeography of Y Chromosome Binary Haplotypes and the Origins of Modern Human Populations. (pdf) Annals of Human Genetics, 65:43-62, 2001.
Underhill et al, Y Chromosome Sequence Variation and the History of Human Populations. (pdf) Nature Genetics, 26: 358-361, 2000.
Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC), A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups. Genome Research, 12:339-348, 2002.

Additional Resources:
Bob Waterous, Haplogroup I Y-DNA Project
Ken Nordtvedt, Founder Haplotypes (Modal Haplotypes for Y-Haplogroup I Varieties)
I1 Project Team (Rebekah Canada, Phil Goff, Aaron Hill, Ken Nordtvedt, Steve Transgrud, Samuel Theil), Y-DNA Haplogroup I Subclade I1
Phil Goff, Deep Ancestry of I1a DYS19=16 Cluster
Rebekah Canada, The I1c (I-P109) yDNA Haplogroup Project
Bill Morrow, Y-Haplogroup I2a Project
Tim Weakley, I1b2* Project Database
Timothy Weakley, I2b2 L38+ Project

Contact People for Haplogroup I: Phil Goff or Whit Athey

Corrections/Additions made since 1 January 2010:

SNPs L158, L159 moved to a different subclade on 2 February 2010.
Modified L65 to L65.1 on 20 February 2010.
Modified S159 to S159.1 on 21 February 2010.
Changed subclade for L161 and added L178 on 5 March 2010.
Corrected typo for subclade of M26 in descriptive narration of Haplogroup I on 9 May 2010.
M161 moved to a new subclade; L233 added on 25 August 2010.
Changed M307.1/P203.1 to M306.1/P203/1 because these SNPS in O were discovered second on 28 October 2010.
Added L121, L124 and L125 on 28 October 2010.

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