LINKS: Main Page Y-DNA Tree Trunk SNP Index Papers/Presentations Cited Glossary Listing Criteria |
CLADE/SUBCLADE SYMBOLS: Added Redefined |
SNP SYMBOLS: Not on 2011 tree Confirmed within subclade Provisional Private Investigation |
G L116/S284, L154, L204, L240, L269,
L402, L519, L520, L521, L522,
L523, L605, L769, L770,
L836, L837, L1258, M201, P257/U6,
Page94/U17, S314/U2, U3,
U7, U12, U20, U21, U23, U33
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G* -
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G1 L833, M285, M342
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G1* -
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G1a P20_1, P20_2, P20_3
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G1a* *
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G1a1 L201, L202, L203
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G1b L830, L831, L832, L834, L835
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G2 L79, L142.2, L156, P287
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G2* -
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G2a L31/S149, P15, U5
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G2a* -
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G2a1 L149.1
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G2a1* -
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G2a1a L293
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G2a1a* -
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G2a1a1 P16_1, P16_2
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G2a1a1* -
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G2a1a1a P18_1, P18_2, P18_3
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G2a1b L223
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G2a1b* -
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G2a1b1 M286
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G2a1b2 L91/S285
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G2a1b2* -
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G2a1b2a L166, L167
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G2a1c L30/S126, L32/S148/U8, L190, M485
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G2a1c* -
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G2a1c1 M406
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G2a1c1* -
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G2a1c1a L14/Page57/S130/U16, L90/Page19/S133
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G2a1c1b L645
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G2a1c2 L141.1
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G2a1c2* -
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G2a1c2a P303/Page108/S135
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G2a1c2a* -
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G2a1c2a1 L140/S316
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G2a1c2a1* -
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G2a1c2a1a U1
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G2a1c2a1a* -
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G2a1c2a1a1 L13/S131/U13, L78/M527
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G2a1c2a1a1* -
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G2a1c2a1a1a L1263
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G2a1c2a1a2 L1266
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G2a1c2a1a2* -
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G2a1c2a1a2a L1264, L1265, L1268
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G2a1c2a1b L497/S317,
L353_1, L353_2
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G2a1c2a1b* -
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G2a1c2a1b1 Z725
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G2a1c2a1b1* -
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G2a1c2a1b1a L43/S147
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G2a1c2a1b1a* -
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G2a1c2a1b1a1 L42/S146
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G2a1c2a1c Z1903
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G2a1c2a1c* -
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G2a1c2a1c1 Z724
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G2a1c2a1c1* -
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G2a1c2a1c1a L640
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G2a1c2a1d L660, L662
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G2a1c2a2 L694
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G2a1c2b L177_1, L177_2, L177_3
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G2b L72/S315, L183, M377
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G2b* -
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G2b1 M283
An Extended Version of G Tree with STR Marker Categories created by Content Expert Ray Banks.
Private SNPs are being removed from the tree and placed in the following category:
Private SNPs - After having been investigated, these SNPs have not met the population distribution
criteria for placement on the tree. Either too few confirmed positive testers have been found OR multiple
confirmed testers were confined to either a single surname or to a small group of related males.
SNPs under Investigation - Additional testing is needed to confirm adequate positive samples and/or correct placement on the tree.
NOTES:
Y-DNA haplogroup G. Scholars have proposed dates ranging from 10,000 to 23,000 years ago for the origin of this group (Cinnioglu, Genographic Project, Semino). They have also suggested various places in western Asia as the site of origin. Other than origin information, a unitary concept of haplogroup G has little practical importance because virtually all G men belong to G subgroups that arose more recently and have differing geographical distributions.
G1 Haplogroup G1 is a much less common form of G found in populations than is G2. All haplogroup G1 men so far have the 12 value at marker DYS392 -- rarely seen in G except in G1 men (G project data) G1 reaches parity with G2 only in parts of Iran reaching there up to 5% of all men. G1 is far less common in Europe, North Africa and Asia. (G Project data, Cinnioglu, Regueiro, & DYS392=12 G1 estimates from Adams, El-Sabai, Ferri, Ghiani, Heber, Lovrecic, Nasidze-YHRD data from 3 studies, Rodriguez, Sengupta, Zalloua-2 studies). By exception, two Ashkenazi Jewish G1 subgroups exist, and a pocket of G1a men is found in Kazakhstan (Biro, G project data).
G2a1a All haplogroup G2a1a men so far have the 10 value at marker DYS392 -- rarely seen in G except in G2a1a men. G2a1a1/G2a1a1a is found in high percentages in the central Caucasus Mountains area, and is rare elsewhere. Small clusters are found among Ashkenazi Jews, some eastern Europeans and among Maronite Christians in Lebanon (Nasidze data in YHRD database, G project, Haber data).
G2a1b Haplogroup G2a1b men are found scattered throughout southwest & southern Asia and, though rare in Europe, reach observable levels in Corsica and Sardinia (Keller, G Project data). A double value for DYS19 in G is found almost exclusively within G2a1b though men with the same double value will not be reported as such. G2a1b2 includes Oetzi, the Iceman mummy preserved for over 5000 yrs. in the Italian Alps (Keller).
G2a1c1 G2a1c1 occurs in highest frequency in the eastern Mediterranean area reaching up to 5% of all men. A high percentage of G2a1c1 men have a value of 21 at marker DYS390 which is rare in G otherwise. G2a1c1 is more common in southern Europe than in northern Europe. A distinctive Ashkenazi Jewish subgroup of G2a1c1 exists (King, G project & Cinnioglu data).
G2a1c1a1 This is the dominant G group in Europe (perhaps 80% of G samples) and may reach up to about 7% of all men in a country but averages about 3%. A high percentage of G2a1c1a1 samples form three major subgroups, DYS388=13 (Z725+), YCA=19,20 type of L13+ and DYS568=9 (Z1903+). One G2a1c1a1 subgroup (U1+) is also confirmed in some frequency outside Europe only in the Caucasus region, particularly in the northwest (G Project, Balanovsky, Rootsi data). North of the European borders of the once Roman Empire, the prevalence of these three G2a1c1a1 subgroups (and G in general) drops considerably, and the three subgroups are found in noticeable amounts in almost all regions of the once Roman Empire in Europe except among the Basques of Spain. An Ashkenazi Jewish cluster from northeastern Europe comprises about half of the DYS568=9 subgroup, and this Jewish subgroup represents an exception to usual European boundaries mentioned. The connection of these three G2a1c1a1 subgroups to Sea Peoples, Etruscans, Alans and Sarmatians and other groups who migrated to Europe is widely debated (miscellaneous G2a1c1a1 data from Adams, Rootsi and over 2000 G2a1c1a1 samples in G project).
G2b Available G2b samples are either (a) those from Ashkenazi Jewish men from northeast Europe who have a null value for marker DYS425 or (b) a small number of men from the Mediterranean areas & Armenia, and more noticeably from Afghanistan, Pakistan and among Indian Pathans (Sengupta & G Project data).
References:
Adams et al, The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula, American Journal of Human Genetics, 83(6): 725-36, 2008.Additional Resources:
ISOGG Wiki - What you need to know about Genetic Genealogy.
Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) Project, Ray Banks,
Paul Givargidze, Rolf Langland, Whit Athey.
Haplogroup G Project, Ray Banks.
Haplogroup G2c Project, Ted Kandell.
Corrections/Additions made since 1 January 2012:
Contact Person for Haplogroup G: Ray H. Banks
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